5 The Model Results
Tables 5 and 6 provide the results of parameter estimates of reduced form equations
of mitigation expenditure and workdays lost. In the reduced form these equations
are expressed as functions of a common set of socioeconomic variables and ambient
air pollution expressed in terms of particulate matter (PM 10 ) and SO 2 levels.
The parameter estimates of mitigating expenditure equation are given in Table 5.
We find there is a positive and statistically significant (at 10 % level) association
between ambient PM 10 level and the mitigating expenditure. This implies that
individual have to spend higher amount of money to mitigate the adverse health
effects when the particulate level is higher in the ambient environment. The relationship between mitigating expenditure and ambient SO 2 level is negative and
statistically insignificant, as contrary to expectations. This might be happening as
the ambient SO 2 level is within the NAAQS limits in the villages of Punjab.
As is expected, the coefficients of the variables such as smoking and drinking
behavior of the individual are found to be positive and statistically significant.
These personal habits coupled with the ambient air pollution make individual more
Table 2 Expenditure incurred due to problems faced during the crop stubble burning
Problem
Unit
Dhanauri Ajnoda
Kalan
Simro Aggregate
Family members visited local
doctor during October–
November, 2008
Average
number of
members per
household (hh)
2.93
2.12
2.82
2.63
Prescribed to any medicine
during the 2 months of stubble
burning (October–November,
2008)
Average
number of
members per
hh
2.9
2.15
2.82
2.64
Average
number of days
per hh
13.3
13.75
11.43
12.92
Average
amount spent
per hh (INR)
280.33
335.77
504.76 360.26
Any member hospitalized
during the 2 months of stubble
burning (October–November,
2008)
Average
number of
members per
hh
0.00
1.00
3.00
2.00
Average
number of days
per hh
0.00
3.00
5.00
4.00
Average
amount spent
per hh (INR)
0
300
1000
650
306
S. Kumar and P. Kumar
Tables 5 and 6 provide the results of parameter estimates of reduced form equations
of mitigation expenditure and workdays lost. In the reduced form these equations
are expressed as functions of a common set of socioeconomic variables and ambient
air pollution expressed in terms of particulate matter (PM 10 ) and SO 2 levels.
The parameter estimates of mitigating expenditure equation are given in Table 5.
We find there is a positive and statistically significant (at 10 % level) association
between ambient PM 10 level and the mitigating expenditure. This implies that
individual have to spend higher amount of money to mitigate the adverse health
effects when the particulate level is higher in the ambient environment. The relationship between mitigating expenditure and ambient SO 2 level is negative and
statistically insignificant, as contrary to expectations. This might be happening as
the ambient SO 2 level is within the NAAQS limits in the villages of Punjab.
As is expected, the coefficients of the variables such as smoking and drinking
behavior of the individual are found to be positive and statistically significant.
These personal habits coupled with the ambient air pollution make individual more
Table 2 Expenditure incurred due to problems faced during the crop stubble burning
Problem
Unit
Dhanauri Ajnoda
Kalan
Simro Aggregate
Family members visited local
doctor during October–
November, 2008
Average
number of
members per
household (hh)
2.93
2.12
2.82
2.63
Prescribed to any medicine
during the 2 months of stubble
burning (October–November,
2008)
Average
number of
members per
hh
2.9
2.15
2.82
2.64
Average
number of days
per hh
13.3
13.75
11.43
12.92
Average
amount spent
per hh (INR)
280.33
335.77
504.76 360.26
Any member hospitalized
during the 2 months of stubble
burning (October–November,
2008)
Average
number of
members per
hh
0.00
1.00
3.00
2.00
Average
number of days
per hh
0.00
3.00
5.00
4.00
Average
amount spent
per hh (INR)
0
300
1000
650
306
S. Kumar and P. Kumar