women suffer from anaemia against the national average of 55.3 % while 65 %
children remain anaemic and suffer from chronic energy deficiency. There also
appears to be a high correlation between infant mortality rate (IMR) and maternal
mortality rate (MMR). Three factors explain a high level of IMR in Odisha: (i) poor
availability of professional attendants at birth, (ii) high percentage of low birth weight
babies and (iii) lack of professional pre-and post-natal care. Sixty-four percent infant
deaths are attributed to neo-natal mortality. Premature deliveries result in 38.5 percent infant deaths. Pneumonia, respiratory infections in newborn babies, tetanus and
diarrhoea result in 34.1 % infant deaths. Anaemia, which is caused due to malnutrition, suffered by both pregnant mothers and infants, explains 8.1 % infant deaths.
Other causes account for another 19.3 % infant deaths. Health conditions depend on a
number of factors including: (i) income and poverty levels, (ii) food security, food
pricing and malnutrition, (iii) availability of professional medical attendants,
paramedical professionals, quantity and quality of health infrastructure, (iv) socioeconomic development, literacy and health awareness and (v) physical and economic
accessibility of private or public healthcare system. Rice production in the state has
decreased from 6828 TMT in 2010–2011 to 5807 TMT during 2011–2012. The
production of oilseeds has declined from 222 TMT in 2010–2011 to 166 TMT in
2011–2012. According to Livestock Census 2007, the livestock population of Odisha
was 230.57 lakhs. Out of 230.57 lakhs livestock, 58.5 % were cattle and buffaloes,
38.8 % were small ruminants and 2.7 % were pigs. Besides, the state has also
206.00 lakhs poultry as compared to 648.83 million at an all India level.
1.5 Livelihood and Sustainable Agriculture
in Western Orissa
The major pillars of human development are equity, empowerment, participation
and sustainability. It is about creating an environment in which people develop their
full potential and lead productive and creative lives, in accordance with their needs
and interests. Reduction of inter-regional and inter-personal disparities is also a key
concern that has considerably informed the human development debate. Good
health is a livelihood asset that enables people to participate in work and socioeconomic development. Illness, on the other hand, causes misery and impoverishment. As per UNDP methodology, human development index (HDI) is an average
of health index, education index and income index. There are significant social,
regional and gender disparities in accessing public health in Odisha. Odisha published its first Human Development Report in 2004–2005. Wide variations have
been observed in human development across districts in Odisha. Interior regions in
general and tribal districts in particular have poor physical and economic access.
These regions also bear the brunt of a resource crunch both in terms of a health
budget deficit and neglected public health institutions. Low female literacy levels
adversely impact reproductive child healthcare in tribal and other interior areas.
Odisha is also a participant in implementing the GoI UNDP Project. However,
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D. Chand and R. Gartia
children remain anaemic and suffer from chronic energy deficiency. There also
appears to be a high correlation between infant mortality rate (IMR) and maternal
mortality rate (MMR). Three factors explain a high level of IMR in Odisha: (i) poor
availability of professional attendants at birth, (ii) high percentage of low birth weight
babies and (iii) lack of professional pre-and post-natal care. Sixty-four percent infant
deaths are attributed to neo-natal mortality. Premature deliveries result in 38.5 percent infant deaths. Pneumonia, respiratory infections in newborn babies, tetanus and
diarrhoea result in 34.1 % infant deaths. Anaemia, which is caused due to malnutrition, suffered by both pregnant mothers and infants, explains 8.1 % infant deaths.
Other causes account for another 19.3 % infant deaths. Health conditions depend on a
number of factors including: (i) income and poverty levels, (ii) food security, food
pricing and malnutrition, (iii) availability of professional medical attendants,
paramedical professionals, quantity and quality of health infrastructure, (iv) socioeconomic development, literacy and health awareness and (v) physical and economic
accessibility of private or public healthcare system. Rice production in the state has
decreased from 6828 TMT in 2010–2011 to 5807 TMT during 2011–2012. The
production of oilseeds has declined from 222 TMT in 2010–2011 to 166 TMT in
2011–2012. According to Livestock Census 2007, the livestock population of Odisha
was 230.57 lakhs. Out of 230.57 lakhs livestock, 58.5 % were cattle and buffaloes,
38.8 % were small ruminants and 2.7 % were pigs. Besides, the state has also
206.00 lakhs poultry as compared to 648.83 million at an all India level.
1.5 Livelihood and Sustainable Agriculture
in Western Orissa
The major pillars of human development are equity, empowerment, participation
and sustainability. It is about creating an environment in which people develop their
full potential and lead productive and creative lives, in accordance with their needs
and interests. Reduction of inter-regional and inter-personal disparities is also a key
concern that has considerably informed the human development debate. Good
health is a livelihood asset that enables people to participate in work and socioeconomic development. Illness, on the other hand, causes misery and impoverishment. As per UNDP methodology, human development index (HDI) is an average
of health index, education index and income index. There are significant social,
regional and gender disparities in accessing public health in Odisha. Odisha published its first Human Development Report in 2004–2005. Wide variations have
been observed in human development across districts in Odisha. Interior regions in
general and tribal districts in particular have poor physical and economic access.
These regions also bear the brunt of a resource crunch both in terms of a health
budget deficit and neglected public health institutions. Low female literacy levels
adversely impact reproductive child healthcare in tribal and other interior areas.
Odisha is also a participant in implementing the GoI UNDP Project. However,
268
D. Chand and R. Gartia