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fumaric acid, essential oil, and canola oil. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 1489–1496.
Cynoweth, D. P. (1996). Environmental impact of biomethanogenesis. Environmental Monitoring
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EPA. (2010). Greenhouse gas emissions reporting from the petroleum and natural gas industry.
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gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads10/Subpart-W_TSD.pdf
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Fenwick, D. E., & Oakenfull, D. (1983). Saponin content of food plants and some prepared foods.
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 34, 186–191. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740340212
Gerber, P. J., Steinfeld, H., Henderson, B., Mottet, A., Opio, C., Dijkman, J., et al. (2013).
Tackling climate change through livestock: A global assessment of emissions and mitigation
opportunities. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
Harvell, C. D., Mitchell, C. E., Ward, J. R., Altizer, S., Dobson, A. P., Ostfeld, R. S., et al. (2002).
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Science, 73, 2483–2492.
Kannan, A., Garg, M. R., & Singh, P. (2010). Effect of ration balancing on methane emission and
milk production in lactating animals under field conditions in Raebareli district of Uttar
Pradesh. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 27, 103–108.
Kiehl, J. T., & Kevin, E. T. (1997). Earth’s annual global mean energy budget. Bulletin of the
American Meteorological Society, 78(2), 197–208.
Kirchgessner, M., Windisch, W., & Muller, H. L. (1995). Nutritional factors affecting methane
production by ruminants. In W. V. Engelhardt, S. Leonhard-Marek, G. Breves, & D. Giesecke
(Eds.), Ruminant physiology: Digestion, metabolism, growth and reproduction (pp. 333–348).
Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag.
McAlpine, C. A., Etter, A., Fearnside, P. M., Seabrook, L., & Laurance, W. F. (2009). Increasing
world consumption of beef as a driver of regional and global change: A call for policy action
based on evidence from Queensland (Australia), Colombia and Brazil. Global Environmental
Change, 19(1), 21–33.
Moss, A., Jouany, J. P., Newbold, J. (2000). Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to
global warming. Annales de zootechnie, 49(3), 231–253. doi:10.1051/animres:2000119.
Newbold, C. J., Wallace, R. J., Watt, N. D., & Richardson, A. J. (1988). The effect of the novel
ionophore tetranosin (ICI 139603) on ruminal microorganisms. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology, 54, 544–547.
Ripple, W. J., Smith, P., Haberl, H., Montzka, S. A., McAlpine, C., & Boucher, D. H. (2014).
Ruminants, climate change and climate policy. Nature Climate Change, 4(1), 2–5.
96
P.S. Swain et al.
Beauchemin, K. A., & McGinn, S. M. (2006). Methane emissions from beef cattle: Effects of
fumaric acid, essential oil, and canola oil. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 1489–1496.
Cynoweth, D. P. (1996). Environmental impact of biomethanogenesis. Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment, 42(1–2), 3–18.
EPA. (2010). Greenhouse gas emissions reporting from the petroleum and natural gas industry.
Background Technical Support Document. Accessed January 3, 2011 from http://www.epa.
gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads10/Subpart-W_TSD.pdf
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO). (2007). Adaptation to climate
change in agriculture, forestry and fisheries: Perspective, framework and priorities. Rome:
FAO. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/j9271e/j9271e.pdf
FAOSTAT (FAO). (2013). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),
Rome. Accessed August 12, 2013 from http://go.nature.com/Z23f7E
Fenwick, D. E., & Oakenfull, D. (1983). Saponin content of food plants and some prepared foods.
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 34, 186–191. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740340212
Gerber, P. J., Steinfeld, H., Henderson, B., Mottet, A., Opio, C., Dijkman, J., et al. (2013).
Tackling climate change through livestock: A global assessment of emissions and mitigation
opportunities. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
Harvell, C. D., Mitchell, C. E., Ward, J. R., Altizer, S., Dobson, A. P., Ostfeld, R. S., et al. (2002).
Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science, 296(5576), 2158–
2162.
Hopkins, A., & Del Prado, A. (2007). Implications of climate change for grassland in Europe:
Impacts, adaptations and mitigation options: A review. Grass and Forage Science, 62(2), 118–
126.
Huke, R. E., & Huke, E. H. (1997). Rice area by type of culture: South, Southeast, and East Asia.
Los Baños, Philippines: IRRI. p. 59.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2001). Climate change 2001: The scientific
basis. In J. T. Houghton et al. (Ed.), Third Assessment Report from Working Group 1. UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, K. A., & Johnson, D. E. (1995). Methane emissions from cattle. Journal of Animal
Science, 73, 2483–2492.
Kannan, A., Garg, M. R., & Singh, P. (2010). Effect of ration balancing on methane emission and
milk production in lactating animals under field conditions in Raebareli district of Uttar
Pradesh. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 27, 103–108.
Kiehl, J. T., & Kevin, E. T. (1997). Earth’s annual global mean energy budget. Bulletin of the
American Meteorological Society, 78(2), 197–208.
Kirchgessner, M., Windisch, W., & Muller, H. L. (1995). Nutritional factors affecting methane
production by ruminants. In W. V. Engelhardt, S. Leonhard-Marek, G. Breves, & D. Giesecke
(Eds.), Ruminant physiology: Digestion, metabolism, growth and reproduction (pp. 333–348).
Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag.
McAlpine, C. A., Etter, A., Fearnside, P. M., Seabrook, L., & Laurance, W. F. (2009). Increasing
world consumption of beef as a driver of regional and global change: A call for policy action
based on evidence from Queensland (Australia), Colombia and Brazil. Global Environmental
Change, 19(1), 21–33.
Moss, A., Jouany, J. P., Newbold, J. (2000). Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to
global warming. Annales de zootechnie, 49(3), 231–253. doi:10.1051/animres:2000119.
Newbold, C. J., Wallace, R. J., Watt, N. D., & Richardson, A. J. (1988). The effect of the novel
ionophore tetranosin (ICI 139603) on ruminal microorganisms. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology, 54, 544–547.
Ripple, W. J., Smith, P., Haberl, H., Montzka, S. A., McAlpine, C., & Boucher, D. H. (2014).
Ruminants, climate change and climate policy. Nature Climate Change, 4(1), 2–5.
96
P.S. Swain et al.