Climate, Climate Variability and Impacts in the Mediterranean Area: An Overview
13
400 to 1500 m where the lowest winter temperatures are -15C. After destruction
of the forests maquis substitutes the pines and if seeds of Pinus brutia are still
present the red pine can regrow and form local woods. If further destruction goes on,
the maquis degrades to garrique with mostly thorny vegetation of less than 1 m
height. In the higher belt, starting at approximately 400 m in the Marmara region,
at 750 m in the Aegean region, and at 1200 m in the Taurus area cedar black pine
and Taurus fir are still present mainly at northern slopes. At southern slopes cedar
and black pine are more destructed. In the areas, were the forests are destroyed,
Juniperus communities develop.
It should be reminded here that the present Mediterranean vegetation is a
mixture of "original" reminiscent and many "imported" species such as the olive
tree and palm trees in the European Mediterranean.
Reddish brown and reddish chestnut soils are typical for the Mediterranean.
Frequently Luvisols (15.6%), Cambisols (16.2%), Calcisols (20.3 %), Vertisols
(3.5%), and Regosols are found (Ibanez et ai., 1996). Red soil, terra rossa, forms on
1m
Gras covered 8rlble lind
lorn
lorn
Vineyard
Po ilIon of
faJled vine
-
3m
Fig. 3. Soils according to Diaz et al. (1992 and 1995) and a measuring protile across arable land and
grapevine in the EFEDAexperimental area of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain alier Bromley (1995). Under
dry conditions (29 September 1994) the moisture volume fraction (M YF) was close to zero in the
surface layer, around 0.1 from 0.1 - 1.5 m depth with a first narrow maximum of 0.17 at 0.3 m. A
second maximum up to 0.3 under grapevine was reached around 2.2 m and below the MVF was
reduced to 0.13 and a minimum at 8m of 0.05 . In the layer at I - 2 m depth the water storage was
about half as large as under the arable land which indicates that the grapevine draws its water mainly
from this layer which consists of a spongy soil layer that can keep the water. During the measuring
period from August 1994 to July 1995 rain was only one third of the long term annual mean. Most
of it evaporated from the layers above 0.4 m
13
400 to 1500 m where the lowest winter temperatures are -15C. After destruction
of the forests maquis substitutes the pines and if seeds of Pinus brutia are still
present the red pine can regrow and form local woods. If further destruction goes on,
the maquis degrades to garrique with mostly thorny vegetation of less than 1 m
height. In the higher belt, starting at approximately 400 m in the Marmara region,
at 750 m in the Aegean region, and at 1200 m in the Taurus area cedar black pine
and Taurus fir are still present mainly at northern slopes. At southern slopes cedar
and black pine are more destructed. In the areas, were the forests are destroyed,
Juniperus communities develop.
It should be reminded here that the present Mediterranean vegetation is a
mixture of "original" reminiscent and many "imported" species such as the olive
tree and palm trees in the European Mediterranean.
Reddish brown and reddish chestnut soils are typical for the Mediterranean.
Frequently Luvisols (15.6%), Cambisols (16.2%), Calcisols (20.3 %), Vertisols
(3.5%), and Regosols are found (Ibanez et ai., 1996). Red soil, terra rossa, forms on
1m
Gras covered 8rlble lind
lorn
lorn
Vineyard
Po ilIon of
faJled vine
-
3m
Fig. 3. Soils according to Diaz et al. (1992 and 1995) and a measuring protile across arable land and
grapevine in the EFEDAexperimental area of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain alier Bromley (1995). Under
dry conditions (29 September 1994) the moisture volume fraction (M YF) was close to zero in the
surface layer, around 0.1 from 0.1 - 1.5 m depth with a first narrow maximum of 0.17 at 0.3 m. A
second maximum up to 0.3 under grapevine was reached around 2.2 m and below the MVF was
reduced to 0.13 and a minimum at 8m of 0.05 . In the layer at I - 2 m depth the water storage was
about half as large as under the arable land which indicates that the grapevine draws its water mainly
from this layer which consists of a spongy soil layer that can keep the water. During the measuring
period from August 1994 to July 1995 rain was only one third of the long term annual mean. Most
of it evaporated from the layers above 0.4 m