Temperature and Precipitation Variability and Trends in Northern Spain
275
Atlantic. This index is usually defined for the winter season (Hurrel, 1995; Jones,
1993). For Andalusia and Interior winter series, precipitation is significant
correlated with NAO index, with a value of -0.7. The inverse relation (high indexlow precipitation and viceversa) is also found in other the PC series, which is less
clear due mainly to the influence of easterly patterns for the Mediterranean Coast
and the influence of the mountains for the Cantabric area.
References
Bardossy A. Caspary HJ (1990) Detection of climate change in Europe by analysing European
atmospheric circulation patterns from 1881 to 1989. Theor. App\. Climato!., 42: 155-167
Beniston M, Rebetez M, Giorgi F, Marinucci MR (1994) An analysis of Regional Climate Change
in Switzerland. Theor. App!. Climato!., 49:135-149
Brazdil R, Samaj F, Valovic S (1992) Variation of Spatial annual precipitation sums in Central
Europe in the period 1881-1980. 1. Climato!. 5:617-631
Bradley RS (1988) The explosive volcanic eruption signal inthe Northern Hemisphere continental
temperature records. Climatic Change 12:221-243
Bradley RS, Kelly PM, Jones PD, Goodess CM, Diaz HF (1985) Climatic Data bank for Northern
Hemisphere land areas, 1851-1980. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.
Bradley RS, Jones PD, eds. (1995) Introduction. Climate since 1500 A.D. Routledge, London.
Capel Molina 11 (1981) Los c1imas de Espana. Oikos-Tau, Barcelona.
Esteban-Parra MJ (1995) Contribuci6n al Estudio de laEvoluci6n del Clima de Espana en el Perfodo
Instrumental'. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Granada.
Esteban-Parra MJ, Castro-Dfez Y (1996) On the homogeneity of the longest temperature series in
Spain: A critical analysis. In: Climate Dynamics and the Global Change Perspective, Jagiellonian
University Series, Krakov.
Esteban-Parra MJ, Rodrigo F S, Castro-Dfez Y (1995) Temperature Trends and Change Points in the
Northern Spanish Plateau during the last 100 years. Inter. 1. Climato!. 15:1031-1042
Esteban-Parra MJ, Rodrigo F S, Castro-Dfez Y (1998) Spatial and temporal patterns of precipitation
in Spain for the period 1880-1992. Inter. 1. Climato!. 18:1557-1574
Giorgi F, Mearns LO (1991) Approaches to the simulation of regional climate change. A review. Rev.
Geophys., 29,191-216
Goossens Ch, Berger A (1986) Annual and seasonalclimaticvariations over the Northern Hemisphere
and Europe during the last century. Annals. Geophys. 4, B, 4:385-400
IPCC (1996) Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group
I to the Second Assessment Reportof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Houghton
JT, Meira Fi1ho LG, Callender BA, Harris N, Kattenbergand A, Maskell K (eds). Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge and New York, 572 pp
lones PD, Raper SCB, Bradley RS, Diaz HF, Kelly PM, Wigley TML (1986) Northern hemisphere
surface air temperaturevariations: 1851-1984. J. Clim. App\. Meteoro!' 25: 1213-1230
Jones PD, Wigley TML, Briffa KR (1994) Global and Hemispheric temperature anomalies-land and
marine instrumental records. In: Boden DP, Kaiser TA, Sepanski RJ, Stoss FW (eds.) Trends 93.
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. Oak Ridge.
Jones PD, J0nsson T, Wheeler D (1997) Extension of the North Atlantic Oscillation using early
instrumental pressure observations from Gibraltar and south-west Iceland. Inter. 1. Climato!.
17:1433-1450
Karl TR, Diaz HF, Kukla G (1988) Urbanisation: Its detection and effect in the United States. J.
Climate 1: 1099-1123.
Karl TR, Tarpley JD, Quayle RG, Diaz HF, Robinson DA, Bradley RS (1989) The recent climate
record: what itcan and cannot tell us', Rev. Geophys., 27,3:405-430.
Katz RW, Brown BG (1992) Extreme events in a changing climate: Variability is more important than
275
Atlantic. This index is usually defined for the winter season (Hurrel, 1995; Jones,
1993). For Andalusia and Interior winter series, precipitation is significant
correlated with NAO index, with a value of -0.7. The inverse relation (high indexlow precipitation and viceversa) is also found in other the PC series, which is less
clear due mainly to the influence of easterly patterns for the Mediterranean Coast
and the influence of the mountains for the Cantabric area.
References
Bardossy A. Caspary HJ (1990) Detection of climate change in Europe by analysing European
atmospheric circulation patterns from 1881 to 1989. Theor. App\. Climato!., 42: 155-167
Beniston M, Rebetez M, Giorgi F, Marinucci MR (1994) An analysis of Regional Climate Change
in Switzerland. Theor. App!. Climato!., 49:135-149
Brazdil R, Samaj F, Valovic S (1992) Variation of Spatial annual precipitation sums in Central
Europe in the period 1881-1980. 1. Climato!. 5:617-631
Bradley RS (1988) The explosive volcanic eruption signal inthe Northern Hemisphere continental
temperature records. Climatic Change 12:221-243
Bradley RS, Kelly PM, Jones PD, Goodess CM, Diaz HF (1985) Climatic Data bank for Northern
Hemisphere land areas, 1851-1980. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.
Bradley RS, Jones PD, eds. (1995) Introduction. Climate since 1500 A.D. Routledge, London.
Capel Molina 11 (1981) Los c1imas de Espana. Oikos-Tau, Barcelona.
Esteban-Parra MJ (1995) Contribuci6n al Estudio de laEvoluci6n del Clima de Espana en el Perfodo
Instrumental'. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Granada.
Esteban-Parra MJ, Castro-Dfez Y (1996) On the homogeneity of the longest temperature series in
Spain: A critical analysis. In: Climate Dynamics and the Global Change Perspective, Jagiellonian
University Series, Krakov.
Esteban-Parra MJ, Rodrigo F S, Castro-Dfez Y (1995) Temperature Trends and Change Points in the
Northern Spanish Plateau during the last 100 years. Inter. 1. Climato!. 15:1031-1042
Esteban-Parra MJ, Rodrigo F S, Castro-Dfez Y (1998) Spatial and temporal patterns of precipitation
in Spain for the period 1880-1992. Inter. 1. Climato!. 18:1557-1574
Giorgi F, Mearns LO (1991) Approaches to the simulation of regional climate change. A review. Rev.
Geophys., 29,191-216
Goossens Ch, Berger A (1986) Annual and seasonalclimaticvariations over the Northern Hemisphere
and Europe during the last century. Annals. Geophys. 4, B, 4:385-400
IPCC (1996) Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group
I to the Second Assessment Reportof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Houghton
JT, Meira Fi1ho LG, Callender BA, Harris N, Kattenbergand A, Maskell K (eds). Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge and New York, 572 pp
lones PD, Raper SCB, Bradley RS, Diaz HF, Kelly PM, Wigley TML (1986) Northern hemisphere
surface air temperaturevariations: 1851-1984. J. Clim. App\. Meteoro!' 25: 1213-1230
Jones PD, Wigley TML, Briffa KR (1994) Global and Hemispheric temperature anomalies-land and
marine instrumental records. In: Boden DP, Kaiser TA, Sepanski RJ, Stoss FW (eds.) Trends 93.
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. Oak Ridge.
Jones PD, J0nsson T, Wheeler D (1997) Extension of the North Atlantic Oscillation using early
instrumental pressure observations from Gibraltar and south-west Iceland. Inter. 1. Climato!.
17:1433-1450
Karl TR, Diaz HF, Kukla G (1988) Urbanisation: Its detection and effect in the United States. J.
Climate 1: 1099-1123.
Karl TR, Tarpley JD, Quayle RG, Diaz HF, Robinson DA, Bradley RS (1989) The recent climate
record: what itcan and cannot tell us', Rev. Geophys., 27,3:405-430.
Katz RW, Brown BG (1992) Extreme events in a changing climate: Variability is more important than