Glossary of Terms
Errors in qualitative
analysis
Extraction
False negative
353
Percent error. The result of multiplying a relative
error by 100.
Positive error. A positive difference between the
value to be qualified and the reference used to
establish it (Chap. 2, p. 45).
Random error. An error that can be ascribed to
positive or negative (random) fluctuations typical of
testing operations. The basis on which precision and
specific uncertainty are established. Also called
"indeterminate error" (Chap. 2, pp. 46, 50 - 53, 58, 59,
79,93,97; (Box 2.1).
Relative error. The ratio of an absolute error to the
reference used to establish it (Chap. 2, p. 91).
Sampling error. An error that results from incorrect
extrapolation of an individual result or the means of
those for several aliquots to an object as a whole and
detracts from representativeness in the collected
samples. Accidental, systematic or random in nature
(Chap. 4, pp. 153, 158, 160, 161).
Systematic error. An error ascribed to well-defined
operational alterations in a CMP that has the true
value or the value held as true as reference. Consistently positive or negative in sign. Can be assigned to a result or a CMP (Chap. 2, pp. 50-52, 57,
69,70,88,91; Box 2.1).
S. "False positive" and "False negative".
The process by which one or several substances are
separated from a solid or liquid sample (Chap. 4,
pp. lSI, 152, 154, 163 -165, 177, 180, 181, 184,
186-188,199).
Liquid-liquid extraction. Treatment of a liquid
sample with an immiscible solvent intended to
separate the analytes or their interferents.
Liquid-solid extraction. Use of a solid sorbent
to retain the analytes or interferents in a liquid
sample. Usually called "Solid-Phase Extraction"
(SPE).
Solid-liquid extraction. Treatment of a solid sample
with a suitable solvent to dissolve the analytes of
interest. Also called "leaching".
Supercritical fluid extraction. Treatment of a solid
sample with a supercritical fluid to separate the
soluble fraction.
An error in Qualitative Analysis that results when a
NO response is obtained from a sample that should
Errors in qualitative
analysis
Extraction
False negative
353
Percent error. The result of multiplying a relative
error by 100.
Positive error. A positive difference between the
value to be qualified and the reference used to
establish it (Chap. 2, p. 45).
Random error. An error that can be ascribed to
positive or negative (random) fluctuations typical of
testing operations. The basis on which precision and
specific uncertainty are established. Also called
"indeterminate error" (Chap. 2, pp. 46, 50 - 53, 58, 59,
79,93,97; (Box 2.1).
Relative error. The ratio of an absolute error to the
reference used to establish it (Chap. 2, p. 91).
Sampling error. An error that results from incorrect
extrapolation of an individual result or the means of
those for several aliquots to an object as a whole and
detracts from representativeness in the collected
samples. Accidental, systematic or random in nature
(Chap. 4, pp. 153, 158, 160, 161).
Systematic error. An error ascribed to well-defined
operational alterations in a CMP that has the true
value or the value held as true as reference. Consistently positive or negative in sign. Can be assigned to a result or a CMP (Chap. 2, pp. 50-52, 57,
69,70,88,91; Box 2.1).
S. "False positive" and "False negative".
The process by which one or several substances are
separated from a solid or liquid sample (Chap. 4,
pp. lSI, 152, 154, 163 -165, 177, 180, 181, 184,
186-188,199).
Liquid-liquid extraction. Treatment of a liquid
sample with an immiscible solvent intended to
separate the analytes or their interferents.
Liquid-solid extraction. Use of a solid sorbent
to retain the analytes or interferents in a liquid
sample. Usually called "Solid-Phase Extraction"
(SPE).
Solid-liquid extraction. Treatment of a solid sample
with a suitable solvent to dissolve the analytes of
interest. Also called "leaching".
Supercritical fluid extraction. Treatment of a solid
sample with a supercritical fluid to separate the
soluble fraction.
An error in Qualitative Analysis that results when a
NO response is obtained from a sample that should