8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
Questions
Analytical Chemistry and Quality
Objectives
• To relate quality to the generic and specific goals of Ana lytical Chemistry.
• To introduce students to the planning and development of quality systems in
the analytical laboratory.
• To describe the strategic and methodological tools needed to implement control and assessment actions in the analytical laboratory.
Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
A Generic Approach to Quality . . . .... .. . . ... . ... . ... . .. . .. 310
8.2.1 Integral Definition of Quality . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. 310
8.2.2 Types of Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 313
8.2.3 Quality Compromises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 314
8.2.4 Structure of Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
8.2.5 Benefits of Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 316
General Aspects of Quality in Analytical Chemistry . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. 317
8.3.1 Types of Quality in Analytical Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 317
8.3.2 Quality and Analytical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
8.3.3 Quality and the Analytical Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 319
Quality Systems in the Analytical Laboratory . . . .... . .. . ... . ... . . 319
8.4.1 Elements of Quality Assurance .. . . . ... . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. 319
8.4.2 ISO Guide 25 (EN-45 000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
8.4.3 Good Laboratory Practices . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 323
8.4.4 Specific Quality Systems Used in Analytical Chemistry .. .. . .. .. . . 324
Analytical Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 326
Assessment of Analytical Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
8.6.1 Types of Assessment Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
8.6.2 Laboratory Accreditation .. .. . .. . . . . . . .. ... .. .... . . . 330
8.6.3 Proficiency Testing ... .. ... . . . . .... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 331
Supports of Analytical Quality Assurance . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . 334
Costs and Benefits of Analytical Quality Systems . . .. . . . . ... . . ... . . 336
339
Seminars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344