• 5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
Questions
Qualitative Aspects of Analytical Chemistry
Objectives
• To introduce the essential features of qualitative analytical information.
• To define and characterize the YES/NO binary response and the errors (false
positives and false negatives) potentially made in obtaining it.
• To outline the more commonplace qualitative analytical methodologies based
on classical and instrumental techniques.
• To underscore the renewed significance of qualitative analysis .
Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
The Binary Response .......... .. ..... . .. . ..... . .. .. . . 203
5.2.1 Types of Binary Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 204
5.2.2 Quantitative Connotations .. . .... . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . 205
5.2.3 Analytical Features . ...... . . . ... . . . ... . . . .. .... .. 208
5.2.4 Errors: False Positives and False Negatives .. . . . ... . .. . . . . ... 210
Types of Qualitative Identification . . ... . . . . . .. .. . . .... . ... . . 212
Standards and Calibration in Qualitative Analysis . . .. ... . .... ... .. . 214
Classical Qualitative Analysis ...... . ....... .... .. .... . . . .. 215
5.5.1 General Notions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 215
5.5.2 Types of Reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
5.5.3 Analytical Schemes . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
5.5.3.1 Schemes without Group Separation .. ... . . . ...... .. 222
5.5.3.2 Schemes with Group Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 224
Instrumental Qualitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 229
5.6.1 General Notions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 229
5.6.2 Static Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 231
5.6.3 Dynamic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
· ..... . . . ...... .. .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . . . . , 240
Seminars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 242
Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 244
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
Questions
Qualitative Aspects of Analytical Chemistry
Objectives
• To introduce the essential features of qualitative analytical information.
• To define and characterize the YES/NO binary response and the errors (false
positives and false negatives) potentially made in obtaining it.
• To outline the more commonplace qualitative analytical methodologies based
on classical and instrumental techniques.
• To underscore the renewed significance of qualitative analysis .
Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
The Binary Response .......... .. ..... . .. . ..... . .. .. . . 203
5.2.1 Types of Binary Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 204
5.2.2 Quantitative Connotations .. . .... . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . 205
5.2.3 Analytical Features . ...... . . . ... . . . ... . . . .. .... .. 208
5.2.4 Errors: False Positives and False Negatives .. . . . ... . .. . . . . ... 210
Types of Qualitative Identification . . ... . . . . . .. .. . . .... . ... . . 212
Standards and Calibration in Qualitative Analysis . . .. ... . .... ... .. . 214
Classical Qualitative Analysis ...... . ....... .... .. .... . . . .. 215
5.5.1 General Notions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 215
5.5.2 Types of Reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
5.5.3 Analytical Schemes . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
5.5.3.1 Schemes without Group Separation .. ... . . . ...... .. 222
5.5.3.2 Schemes with Group Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 224
Instrumental Qualitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 229
5.6.1 General Notions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 229
5.6.2 Static Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 231
5.6.3 Dynamic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
· ..... . . . ...... .. .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . . . . , 240
Seminars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 242
Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 244