Traceability: Reference Materials
Objectives
• To introduce the integral concept of traceability,one of the cornerstones of Analytical Chemistry.
• To underline the role of standards in the metrological science Analytical
Chemistry.
• To describe the different types of standards available, particularly analytical
chemical standards, and their use in major analytical operations such as
calibration, validation and quality control.
• To apply the traceability concept not only to results, but also to other analytical
chemical entities that are thus conceptually enriched.
Table of Contents
3.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.2
The Integral Concept ofTraceability .. . . . .. .. . . . . .... . . .. . . .. 102
3.3
Physical and Chemical Traceability ..... .. .... .. .......... . . . 105
3.4
Types of Standards and their Traceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.5
Analytical Chemical Standards . .. .. . ... ..... . .. . .. . .... . . . 112
3.5.1 Types..... . . . . . ...... .. .. . . .... . . . .. . . .. ... 113
3.5.2 General Properties .... ... ... ......... . ... . .. .. .. 116
3.5.3 Preparation and Storage ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. ... .. .. . .. 119
3.5.4 Uses . . ....... . .. . . . . . . ....... . ........ . .. . 122
3.5.4.1 Calibration of Equipment and Methods . . . . . . . .. .. ... 123
3.5.4.2 Evaluation of Analytical Processes . .... . .. .. .. . .. . . 128
3.6
Specific Meanings ofTraceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 130
3.6.1 Traceability of an Analytical Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.6.2 Traceability of a Sample (Aliquot) . . . . . .... . . . ..... . .... 132
3.6.3 Traceability of an Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.6.4 Traceability of a Sample Standard .... . . . ... . . .... ... ... 134
3.6.5 Traceability of a Method .. . . ..... . .. . .. . ........... 135
3.6.6 Relationships among Traceability Meanings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 135
Questions .. . .. ... .. . .. . .. . .... . ..... . ...... . .... . ... . .. 13 7
Seminars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Objectives
• To introduce the integral concept of traceability,one of the cornerstones of Analytical Chemistry.
• To underline the role of standards in the metrological science Analytical
Chemistry.
• To describe the different types of standards available, particularly analytical
chemical standards, and their use in major analytical operations such as
calibration, validation and quality control.
• To apply the traceability concept not only to results, but also to other analytical
chemical entities that are thus conceptually enriched.
Table of Contents
3.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.2
The Integral Concept ofTraceability .. . . . .. .. . . . . .... . . .. . . .. 102
3.3
Physical and Chemical Traceability ..... .. .... .. .......... . . . 105
3.4
Types of Standards and their Traceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.5
Analytical Chemical Standards . .. .. . ... ..... . .. . .. . .... . . . 112
3.5.1 Types..... . . . . . ...... .. .. . . .... . . . .. . . .. ... 113
3.5.2 General Properties .... ... ... ......... . ... . .. .. .. 116
3.5.3 Preparation and Storage ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. ... .. .. . .. 119
3.5.4 Uses . . ....... . .. . . . . . . ....... . ........ . .. . 122
3.5.4.1 Calibration of Equipment and Methods . . . . . . . .. .. ... 123
3.5.4.2 Evaluation of Analytical Processes . .... . .. .. .. . .. . . 128
3.6
Specific Meanings ofTraceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 130
3.6.1 Traceability of an Analytical Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.6.2 Traceability of a Sample (Aliquot) . . . . . .... . . . ..... . .... 132
3.6.3 Traceability of an Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.6.4 Traceability of a Sample Standard .... . . . ... . . .... ... ... 134
3.6.5 Traceability of a Method .. . . ..... . .. . .. . ........... 135
3.6.6 Relationships among Traceability Meanings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 135
Questions .. . .. ... .. . .. . .. . .... . ..... . ...... . .... . ... . .. 13 7
Seminars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141