4
A. Gianguzza . E. Pelizzetti . S. Sammartano
enzymatic bioalkylation processes of inorganic metal ions (Craig and Miller 1997;
Farago 1997). Particular attention must be paid to the study of organomercury and
organotin compounds; the latter are used in antifouling paints for ships and are very
widespread in sea water (Craig 1986; Champ and Seligman 1996). Since different R
alkyl groups in the R 3 SnX class determine different toxicity levels towards living organisms, it becomes relevant to evaluate the distribution of mono-, di- and trialkyltin
derivatives, both in water and in sediments. For this purpose different extraction and
detection methodologies using hyphenated techniques (HPLC-AAS, GLC-AAS) have
been set up. Moreover, the interactions of soluble organometallic cations with sea water
components have to be considered in the general picture of chemical speciation of trace
elements, first of all by taking into account their hydrolysis processes. In this case, speciation analysis can be successfully performed by potentiometry. Mossbauer spectroscopy can be used to determine the structure of some complexes of organotin moieties
with some important biological molecules (such as DNA and its derivatives), contributing to an understanding of the biochemical interactions of organometallic compounds with living organisms.
(hemometric Analysis. All the information obtained from the analysis of the parameters of the systems under study can be exploited with a better rationality by
Chemometrics, with the aim of finding a correct correlation between them. Chemometric analysis plays a very important role in the studies of natural systems, such as
marine waters, where many and variables parameters have to be controlled contemporary. In these cases, Chemometrics allows the definition of the better and more representative sampling methodology and the prediction of some general trends of chemical processes in the natural systems.
The School and this book, its outcome, do not presume to give a whole picture of
the complex subject on the chemical processes in the marine environment. The aim
was to give the analytical chemist a sense of the enormous challenge facing the chemical oceanographer, showing the role of the analytical chemistry in the knowledge of
chemical aspects of the global biogeochemical cycle. Thus, it will be possible to avoid
monitoring becoming a goal in itself and to set the conceptual basis on which analytical protocols and oceanographic cruises are programed. Then, hopefully, the power
of environmental analytical chemistry to make a contribution to the understanding,
preservation and correct management of the ocean and the earth as a whole should
emerge.
References
Agrell C, Okla L, Larsson P, Blacke C, Wania F (1999) Evidence of latitudinal fractionation of
polychlorinated byphenil congeners along the Baltic Sea region. Environ Sci TechnoI33=1149-U56
Alves LC, Allen LA, Houk RS (1993) Measurements of vanadium, nickel and arsenic in seawater and
urine reference materials by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry with cryogenic
desolvation. Anal Chern 65:2468
Baes CF, Mesmer RE (1976) The hydrolysis of cations. Interscientia, New York
Baker JI, Hites RA (1999) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the remote North
Atlantic marine atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 33=14-20
Bloom NS, Gill GA, Cappellino S, Dobbs C, Mcshea L, Driscoll C, Mason R, Rudd J (1999) Speciation
and cycling of mercury in Lavaca Bay, Texas, sediments. Environ Sci TechnoI33:7-13
A. Gianguzza . E. Pelizzetti . S. Sammartano
enzymatic bioalkylation processes of inorganic metal ions (Craig and Miller 1997;
Farago 1997). Particular attention must be paid to the study of organomercury and
organotin compounds; the latter are used in antifouling paints for ships and are very
widespread in sea water (Craig 1986; Champ and Seligman 1996). Since different R
alkyl groups in the R 3 SnX class determine different toxicity levels towards living organisms, it becomes relevant to evaluate the distribution of mono-, di- and trialkyltin
derivatives, both in water and in sediments. For this purpose different extraction and
detection methodologies using hyphenated techniques (HPLC-AAS, GLC-AAS) have
been set up. Moreover, the interactions of soluble organometallic cations with sea water
components have to be considered in the general picture of chemical speciation of trace
elements, first of all by taking into account their hydrolysis processes. In this case, speciation analysis can be successfully performed by potentiometry. Mossbauer spectroscopy can be used to determine the structure of some complexes of organotin moieties
with some important biological molecules (such as DNA and its derivatives), contributing to an understanding of the biochemical interactions of organometallic compounds with living organisms.
(hemometric Analysis. All the information obtained from the analysis of the parameters of the systems under study can be exploited with a better rationality by
Chemometrics, with the aim of finding a correct correlation between them. Chemometric analysis plays a very important role in the studies of natural systems, such as
marine waters, where many and variables parameters have to be controlled contemporary. In these cases, Chemometrics allows the definition of the better and more representative sampling methodology and the prediction of some general trends of chemical processes in the natural systems.
The School and this book, its outcome, do not presume to give a whole picture of
the complex subject on the chemical processes in the marine environment. The aim
was to give the analytical chemist a sense of the enormous challenge facing the chemical oceanographer, showing the role of the analytical chemistry in the knowledge of
chemical aspects of the global biogeochemical cycle. Thus, it will be possible to avoid
monitoring becoming a goal in itself and to set the conceptual basis on which analytical protocols and oceanographic cruises are programed. Then, hopefully, the power
of environmental analytical chemistry to make a contribution to the understanding,
preservation and correct management of the ocean and the earth as a whole should
emerge.
References
Agrell C, Okla L, Larsson P, Blacke C, Wania F (1999) Evidence of latitudinal fractionation of
polychlorinated byphenil congeners along the Baltic Sea region. Environ Sci TechnoI33=1149-U56
Alves LC, Allen LA, Houk RS (1993) Measurements of vanadium, nickel and arsenic in seawater and
urine reference materials by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry with cryogenic
desolvation. Anal Chern 65:2468
Baes CF, Mesmer RE (1976) The hydrolysis of cations. Interscientia, New York
Baker JI, Hites RA (1999) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the remote North
Atlantic marine atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 33=14-20
Bloom NS, Gill GA, Cappellino S, Dobbs C, Mcshea L, Driscoll C, Mason R, Rudd J (1999) Speciation
and cycling of mercury in Lavaca Bay, Texas, sediments. Environ Sci TechnoI33:7-13