CHAPTER 2 . The Chemical and Physical Properties of Marine Aerosols: An Introduction
69
1 x lao
1 x 10-'
C{
.,
~lX10-2
E
' "
w
~
;:,
"tl
<: 1 X 10-3
.. ..,
~
1 o
"tl
.e 1 X 10-4
..
en
1 X 10-5
.. , ... , .... ,.,~ ... -., ' .. , ' ... ... ..... ~ ... -' .. .
As
.
~~
.... ,........ "' £r .. "
C~~
.
Pc Sc
.... , ............. 6fn ..•.
Eu
Cd .5b .... !~o
fIJI Ti
Dy ,
-li9J
w
lr
'Mri
Ba ~
"i······
AI
Fe
n
. .. ~ ....... ,. -, ...... , .. .
........ ,., ......... -' .... .
lxl0~ :I~--~~~----__ ~~ ____ ~~+-______ ~~ __ ~~~--__ ~~~lxl~
1 X 10-5
1 x 10-4
1 X 10-3
1 X 10-2
1 X 10-'
1 x lao
Taylor and McLennan: Element/AI
Fig. 2.11. Elemental concentrations in dust samples collected at Barbados, West Indies. Concentrations
are normalized against Al and plotted against the ratio of these same elements in average crustal material as presented in Taylor and McLennan (1985) (Data courtesy of W. Landing, personal communication)
of the concentration of a specific element in the sample to that of a normalizing element (e.g. AI, Fe, Ti, and Si); the BP is calculated by dividing the sample ratio by the
ratio in the hypothesized soil. That is, for soils, Al is used as the reference element.
BP = (X / Al) sample / (X / Al) soil
Figure 2.12 shows the BPs calculated for a large suite of elements in samples collected at sites in the Mediterranean (Gullu et al.1996). The samples were of two types:
ones that contained high concentrations of African dust and ones that contained little
(if any) dust. In the dust samples, most elements yield BPs close to 1, but many elements yield ratios a factor of 10 or higher. Some elements yielded ratios over 100 times
higher. These elements are commonly associated with pollution sources (e.g. Cd, As,
Sb, Se, and Hg). These large enrichments are attributed to the mixing of European
pollution with the African dust prior to (or during) the collection phase.
69
1 x lao
1 x 10-'
C{
.,
~lX10-2
E
' "
w
~
;:,
"tl
<: 1 X 10-3
.. ..,
~
1 o
"tl
.e 1 X 10-4
..
en
1 X 10-5
.. , ... , .... ,.,~ ... -., ' .. , ' ... ... ..... ~ ... -' .. .
As
.
~~
.... ,........ "' £r .. "
C~~
.
Pc Sc
.... , ............. 6fn ..•.
Eu
Cd .5b .... !~o
fIJI Ti
Dy ,
-li9J
w
lr
'Mri
Ba ~
"i······
AI
Fe
n
. .. ~ ....... ,. -, ...... , .. .
........ ,., ......... -' .... .
lxl0~ :I~--~~~----__ ~~ ____ ~~+-______ ~~ __ ~~~--__ ~~~lxl~
1 X 10-5
1 x 10-4
1 X 10-3
1 X 10-2
1 X 10-'
1 x lao
Taylor and McLennan: Element/AI
Fig. 2.11. Elemental concentrations in dust samples collected at Barbados, West Indies. Concentrations
are normalized against Al and plotted against the ratio of these same elements in average crustal material as presented in Taylor and McLennan (1985) (Data courtesy of W. Landing, personal communication)
of the concentration of a specific element in the sample to that of a normalizing element (e.g. AI, Fe, Ti, and Si); the BP is calculated by dividing the sample ratio by the
ratio in the hypothesized soil. That is, for soils, Al is used as the reference element.
BP = (X / Al) sample / (X / Al) soil
Figure 2.12 shows the BPs calculated for a large suite of elements in samples collected at sites in the Mediterranean (Gullu et al.1996). The samples were of two types:
ones that contained high concentrations of African dust and ones that contained little
(if any) dust. In the dust samples, most elements yield BPs close to 1, but many elements yield ratios a factor of 10 or higher. Some elements yielded ratios over 100 times
higher. These elements are commonly associated with pollution sources (e.g. Cd, As,
Sb, Se, and Hg). These large enrichments are attributed to the mixing of European
pollution with the African dust prior to (or during) the collection phase.