64
L 60
>"I 50
E
~ 40 J
/
E
'
~ 30
___ -~
c
..._.g 20 r--'-'iii
&. 10
GI
J. M. Prospero
4
3 I: c
00
0,t:; 0,ij
"Vi "iii
2 &. &.
GIGI
"C"C
O:r.~
zz
"C 0 I.--J......,...,.......,-;J· ,. ,. ,. ,. ,. ,. ,. ' I· ,. '. ,. ' I· I · , . I . I . ' I 0
z
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
r
I
I
i
I
I
i
I
I
I
i
W175° 155° 135
" 5°
95°
75°
55°1
35°
15°
E5°
25°
1 60
"I 50
E
'0 40
E
.§. 30
c
.g 20
'iii
&. 10
GI
North Pacific
Ocean
North America
_-..... ---w
----._--.... ----.---... --.
North
Atlantic Ocean
~ 0 1---='1----"1~1~I~i---,I.,I- ',- ',- '1- ',- 11_ ',--],- 1,- ' , .
W175° 155° 135°
"5°
95°
North Pacific Ocean
75°
155°
CIS
35°
North
15°
Amer. I Atlantic Ocean
Longitude
Europe
4
31:C 00
:e:e
"''''
2 &. &.
GIGI
"C"C
o:r.~
zz
I ',- ',- ~- 1,- ' I 0
E5°
25°
Africa
Fig. 2.S. Estimated deposition rates of NOr (white bar, left axis) and NHx (black bar, left axis) across
the North Pacific, North America, the North Atlantic and Europe (redrawn from Galloway et aI. 1996).
The square symbols and connecting line show tlIe ratio of NOy to NHx (right axis)
factor that could have implications regarding aerosol chemistry and the role of deposited N species to the respective watersheds, coastal waters, and adjacent ocean regions.
2.5
Mineral Dust in the Marine Atmosphere
2.5.1
Global Distribution of Dust
Large amounts of soil dust are mobilized by winds, mostly in arid regions, and substantial quantities can be carried great distances. Of all the aerosol species discussed
in this paper, mineral dust is the one that most clearly leaves its signature in the oceans
in the form of terrigenous minerals in deep-sea sediments. Indeed, the importance of
aeolian transport to oceanic processes was first suggested by studies of the mineral
distributions in pelagic ocean sediments. It was noted that the concentration patterns
of certain minerals (e.g. quartz, kaolinite, illite) in sediments off the coasts of some
continents (e.g. the western coast of North Africa and North America, the eastern coast
of Asia) were not related to fluvial sources but rather to the pattern of large scale wind
fields (Prospero 1981). Various aspects of dust transport and its effects have been ex-
L 60
>"I 50
E
~ 40 J
/
E
'
~ 30
___ -~
c
..._.g 20 r--'-'iii
&. 10
GI
J. M. Prospero
4
3 I: c
00
0,t:; 0,ij
"Vi "iii
2 &. &.
GIGI
"C"C
O:r.~
zz
"C 0 I.--J......,...,.......,-;J· ,. ,. ,. ,. ,. ,. ,. ' I· ,. '. ,. ' I· I · , . I . I . ' I 0
z
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
r
I
I
i
I
I
i
I
I
I
i
W175° 155° 135
" 5°
95°
75°
55°1
35°
15°
E5°
25°
1 60
"I 50
E
'0 40
E
.§. 30
c
.g 20
'iii
&. 10
GI
North Pacific
Ocean
North America
_-..... ---w
----._--.... ----.---... --.
North
Atlantic Ocean
~ 0 1---='1----"1~1~I~i---,I.,I- ',- ',- '1- ',- 11_ ',--],- 1,- ' , .
W175° 155° 135°
"5°
95°
North Pacific Ocean
75°
155°
CIS
35°
North
15°
Amer. I Atlantic Ocean
Longitude
Europe
4
31:C 00
:e:e
"''''
2 &. &.
GIGI
"C"C
o:r.~
zz
I ',- ',- ~- 1,- ' I 0
E5°
25°
Africa
Fig. 2.S. Estimated deposition rates of NOr (white bar, left axis) and NHx (black bar, left axis) across
the North Pacific, North America, the North Atlantic and Europe (redrawn from Galloway et aI. 1996).
The square symbols and connecting line show tlIe ratio of NOy to NHx (right axis)
factor that could have implications regarding aerosol chemistry and the role of deposited N species to the respective watersheds, coastal waters, and adjacent ocean regions.
2.5
Mineral Dust in the Marine Atmosphere
2.5.1
Global Distribution of Dust
Large amounts of soil dust are mobilized by winds, mostly in arid regions, and substantial quantities can be carried great distances. Of all the aerosol species discussed
in this paper, mineral dust is the one that most clearly leaves its signature in the oceans
in the form of terrigenous minerals in deep-sea sediments. Indeed, the importance of
aeolian transport to oceanic processes was first suggested by studies of the mineral
distributions in pelagic ocean sediments. It was noted that the concentration patterns
of certain minerals (e.g. quartz, kaolinite, illite) in sediments off the coasts of some
continents (e.g. the western coast of North Africa and North America, the eastern coast
of Asia) were not related to fluvial sources but rather to the pattern of large scale wind
fields (Prospero 1981). Various aspects of dust transport and its effects have been ex-