Contents
Part I Biogeochemical Processes at the Air-Water and
Water-Sediment Interface .............................................. .
1
Sea Water as an Electrolyte ................................................. 3
1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
1.1.1 Composition of Average Sea Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
1.1.2 The Concept of Salinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
1.1.3 Causes of Major Components Not Being Conservative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
1.1.4 Physical Properties of Natural Waters ................................. 12
1.2 Modelling the Physical Properties of Natural Waters ......................... 18
1.3 Estimating the Properties of Mixed Electrolytes ............................. 23
1.4 Estimating Transport Properties . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 29
Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32
2
The Chemical and Physical Properties of Marine Aerosols:
An Introduction ............................................................ 35
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35
2.1.1 Physical Characteristics of Aerosols ................................... 37
2.1.2 The Role of Clouds in the Aerosol Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39
2.1.3 The Global Distribution of Aerosols Over the Oceans ................. 41
2.1.4 Aerosol Composition ................................................. 45
2.1.5 Temporal Variability of Marine Aerosols .............................. 47
2.2 Sea Salt Aerosols . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 49
2.2.1 Sea Salt Production and Size Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49
2.2.2 The Contribution of Sea Salt to Submicrometre Aerosol. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50
2.2.3 Sea Salt Aerosol and New Particle Production ......................... 51
2.3 The Oceanic Atmospheric Sulphur Cycle ..................................... 51
2.3.1 Global Sulphur Budgets ............................................... 52
2.3.2 S02 and nss-SO~- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52
2.3.3 DMS and the Atmospheric Sulphur Cycle ............................. 54
2.3.4 MSA and nss-SO~- .................................................... 55
2.3.5 New-Particle Production from DMS over the Ocean ................... 55
2.3.6 Impact on Climat ..................................................... 58
2.4 The Oceanic Atmospheric Cycle of Nitrates and Ammonium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58
2-4-1 Global Budgets of NO y and NH x ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 59
Part I Biogeochemical Processes at the Air-Water and
Water-Sediment Interface .............................................. .
1
Sea Water as an Electrolyte ................................................. 3
1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
1.1.1 Composition of Average Sea Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
1.1.2 The Concept of Salinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
1.1.3 Causes of Major Components Not Being Conservative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
1.1.4 Physical Properties of Natural Waters ................................. 12
1.2 Modelling the Physical Properties of Natural Waters ......................... 18
1.3 Estimating the Properties of Mixed Electrolytes ............................. 23
1.4 Estimating Transport Properties . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 29
Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32
2
The Chemical and Physical Properties of Marine Aerosols:
An Introduction ............................................................ 35
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35
2.1.1 Physical Characteristics of Aerosols ................................... 37
2.1.2 The Role of Clouds in the Aerosol Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39
2.1.3 The Global Distribution of Aerosols Over the Oceans ................. 41
2.1.4 Aerosol Composition ................................................. 45
2.1.5 Temporal Variability of Marine Aerosols .............................. 47
2.2 Sea Salt Aerosols . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 49
2.2.1 Sea Salt Production and Size Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49
2.2.2 The Contribution of Sea Salt to Submicrometre Aerosol. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50
2.2.3 Sea Salt Aerosol and New Particle Production ......................... 51
2.3 The Oceanic Atmospheric Sulphur Cycle ..................................... 51
2.3.1 Global Sulphur Budgets ............................................... 52
2.3.2 S02 and nss-SO~- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52
2.3.3 DMS and the Atmospheric Sulphur Cycle ............................. 54
2.3.4 MSA and nss-SO~- .................................................... 55
2.3.5 New-Particle Production from DMS over the Ocean ................... 55
2.3.6 Impact on Climat ..................................................... 58
2.4 The Oceanic Atmospheric Cycle of Nitrates and Ammonium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58
2-4-1 Global Budgets of NO y and NH x ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 59