46
J. M. Pro spero
Table 2.1. Annual mean aerosol concentrations measured at remote ocean stations (Prospero et al.1989;
Savoie et al. 1989a; Arimoto et al. 1995, 1996; Savoie et al. 1993, 1994)
Station
Station
Na
Sea
N0 3 nssS0 4 MSA NH4
AI
Dust' V
Sb
Total d
Location
a
salt b
Lat.
Long.
Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean
'N
'E
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3 IIg m- 3 Calc
-3
-3
-3
IIgm IIg m IIgm IIg m IIgm IIg m
ngm ngm IIgm
North Pacific
Western Pacific
Cheju, Korea
33.5
126.5 3.07 19.76 4.12 7.23
34.75 2.95
1.24 15.47 4.09
2.35
49.5
Okinawa
26.9
128.3 7.10 23.11 1.80 4.16
19.80 1.07
0.79
9.84 2.08
1.63 40.0
Taiwan
21.9
120.9 5.57 18.14 1.93 4.05
11.34 1.31
0.30
3.77 1.85
0.80 29.2
Hong Kong
22.6
114.3 3.01 9.79 3.03 7.41
23.11 2.79
1.05
13.13 6.20
2.05 36.2
Central Pacific
Shemya
52.9
174.1 20.72 67.47 0.20 0.33
58.56 0.13
0.11
1.33 0.50
69.5
Midway
28.2 -177.4 4.23 13.77 0.27 0.53
20.32 0.07
0.06
0.72 0.19
0.07
15.4
Oahu
21.3 -157.7 4.65 15.14 0.35 0.51
18.93 0.03
0.05
0.66 0.26
0.03
16.7
North Atlantic
Heimaey, Iceland 63.4 -20.3 8.79 28.62 0.23 0.65
38.37 0.38
29.9
Mace Head
53.3
-9.9 4.34 14.13 1.49 2.03
50.51 0.91
0.04
0.47 0.93
0.14
19.0
Izana, Tenerife
28.3 -16.5 0.38 1.25 0.77 0.92
4.58 0.33
1.78 22.28 2.86
0.08 25.5
Bermuda
32.3 -64.9 4.19 13.65 1.06 2.19
35.12 0.31
0.45
5.59 1.28
0.09
22.8
Barbados
13.2 -59.4 5.08 16.53 0.53 0.78
19.70 0.11
1.16 14.55 1.85
0.03
32.5
South Pacific
American Samoa - 14.3 -170.6 5.14 16.74 0.11 0.37
22.90
0.00
0.02 0.07
0.00
17.2
Antarctica
Mawson
-67.6
62.5 0.10 0.33 0.03 0.09
22.90 0.00
0.5
Palmer Station
-64.8 -64.1
1.20 3.91 0.02 0.10
48.80 0.02
4.0
a Station location: negative latitudes = Southern Hemisphere; negative longitudes = Western Hemisphere.
b Sea salt calculated by multiplying Na concentration by 3.256, the sea saltlNa mass ratio in sea water.
, Dust is calculated from the AI concentration assuming that AI is 8% of total as in average crustal material
(Taylor and McLennan 1985).
d Total aerosol is the sum of sea salt, soil dust, nss-SO<\, NO] and NH 4 .
Mawson and Palmer, are extremely low; these levels are representative of conditions
that one might expect under "natural" conditions over the oceans when there are no
pollution impacts.
The presence of pollution aerosol is also reflected in the concentration of certain
trace species. Table 2.1 shows the concentration of V and Sb as examples. Vanadium is
emitted in a number of processes, and it is abundant in petroleum obtained from some
sources. Antimony is present in the emissions from many types of industrial processes,
especially smelters. The concentrations of V and Sb are very high in aerosols over the
western North Pacific sites; in contrast, the concentrations at American Samoa are
J. M. Pro spero
Table 2.1. Annual mean aerosol concentrations measured at remote ocean stations (Prospero et al.1989;
Savoie et al. 1989a; Arimoto et al. 1995, 1996; Savoie et al. 1993, 1994)
Station
Station
Na
Sea
N0 3 nssS0 4 MSA NH4
AI
Dust' V
Sb
Total d
Location
a
salt b
Lat.
Long.
Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean
'N
'E
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3 IIg m- 3 Calc
-3
-3
-3
IIgm IIg m IIgm IIg m IIgm IIg m
ngm ngm IIgm
North Pacific
Western Pacific
Cheju, Korea
33.5
126.5 3.07 19.76 4.12 7.23
34.75 2.95
1.24 15.47 4.09
2.35
49.5
Okinawa
26.9
128.3 7.10 23.11 1.80 4.16
19.80 1.07
0.79
9.84 2.08
1.63 40.0
Taiwan
21.9
120.9 5.57 18.14 1.93 4.05
11.34 1.31
0.30
3.77 1.85
0.80 29.2
Hong Kong
22.6
114.3 3.01 9.79 3.03 7.41
23.11 2.79
1.05
13.13 6.20
2.05 36.2
Central Pacific
Shemya
52.9
174.1 20.72 67.47 0.20 0.33
58.56 0.13
0.11
1.33 0.50
69.5
Midway
28.2 -177.4 4.23 13.77 0.27 0.53
20.32 0.07
0.06
0.72 0.19
0.07
15.4
Oahu
21.3 -157.7 4.65 15.14 0.35 0.51
18.93 0.03
0.05
0.66 0.26
0.03
16.7
North Atlantic
Heimaey, Iceland 63.4 -20.3 8.79 28.62 0.23 0.65
38.37 0.38
29.9
Mace Head
53.3
-9.9 4.34 14.13 1.49 2.03
50.51 0.91
0.04
0.47 0.93
0.14
19.0
Izana, Tenerife
28.3 -16.5 0.38 1.25 0.77 0.92
4.58 0.33
1.78 22.28 2.86
0.08 25.5
Bermuda
32.3 -64.9 4.19 13.65 1.06 2.19
35.12 0.31
0.45
5.59 1.28
0.09
22.8
Barbados
13.2 -59.4 5.08 16.53 0.53 0.78
19.70 0.11
1.16 14.55 1.85
0.03
32.5
South Pacific
American Samoa - 14.3 -170.6 5.14 16.74 0.11 0.37
22.90
0.00
0.02 0.07
0.00
17.2
Antarctica
Mawson
-67.6
62.5 0.10 0.33 0.03 0.09
22.90 0.00
0.5
Palmer Station
-64.8 -64.1
1.20 3.91 0.02 0.10
48.80 0.02
4.0
a Station location: negative latitudes = Southern Hemisphere; negative longitudes = Western Hemisphere.
b Sea salt calculated by multiplying Na concentration by 3.256, the sea saltlNa mass ratio in sea water.
, Dust is calculated from the AI concentration assuming that AI is 8% of total as in average crustal material
(Taylor and McLennan 1985).
d Total aerosol is the sum of sea salt, soil dust, nss-SO<\, NO] and NH 4 .
Mawson and Palmer, are extremely low; these levels are representative of conditions
that one might expect under "natural" conditions over the oceans when there are no
pollution impacts.
The presence of pollution aerosol is also reflected in the concentration of certain
trace species. Table 2.1 shows the concentration of V and Sb as examples. Vanadium is
emitted in a number of processes, and it is abundant in petroleum obtained from some
sources. Antimony is present in the emissions from many types of industrial processes,
especially smelters. The concentrations of V and Sb are very high in aerosols over the
western North Pacific sites; in contrast, the concentrations at American Samoa are