Contents
XI
11.6 Neutral Molecules ......................................................... 288
11.7 Data We Need for Working with the Mean Spherical Approximation ....... 289
11.8 An Example: Fitting pK* vs. I Plot by Use of MSA for an
Isocoulombic Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 290
Acknowledgements . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. 293
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 293
12 Modelling of Natural Fluids:
Are the Available Databases Adequate for this Purpose? . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 295
12.1 Introduction............................................................... 295
12.2 Equilibrium Analysis Applied to the Modelling of Natural Systems. . . . . . . .. 296
12.3 The Thermodynamic Database (TDB) Example............................ 297
12.3.1 1st Example: Uranium-Carbonate System ........................... 300
12.3.2 2nd Example: Lanthanides Hydrolysis............................... 301
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 304
Part III Toxicants in Marine Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 307
13 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Marine Environment .............. 309
13.1 Introduction............................................................... 309
13.2 Definition of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals... . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . ... 310
13.3 The Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Invertebrates.. . . . . . . . .. 310
13.3.1 General Effects Excluding Imposex.................................. 310
13.3.2 Imposex ............................................................ 310
13.4 The Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Vertebrates. . ... . . . .. . .. 313
13.4.1 Fish................................................................. 313
13.4.2 Reptiles and Amphibians............................................ 315
13-4.3 Birds................................................................ 316
1344 Mammals........................................................... 317
13.4.5 Humans............................................................. 319
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 319
14 Chemistry of Organic Toxicants in Marine Environment. . . ... . . ... . . . .. 325
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 335
15 Toxic Effects of Organometallic Compounds towards
Marine Biota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 337
15.1 Organometallic Derivatives. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... 337
15.2 Organoarsenic............................................................. 337
15.2.1 Organoarsenic Derivatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 337
15.2.2 Biotransformation of Arsenic....................................... 337
15.2.3 Organoarsenic in Marine Biota. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 338
15.3 Organotin ................................................................. 352
15.3.1 Organotin Derivatives.............................................. 352
15.3.2 Organotin in the Marine Biota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 353
Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 379
References ......................... , . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 379
XI
11.6 Neutral Molecules ......................................................... 288
11.7 Data We Need for Working with the Mean Spherical Approximation ....... 289
11.8 An Example: Fitting pK* vs. I Plot by Use of MSA for an
Isocoulombic Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 290
Acknowledgements . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. 293
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 293
12 Modelling of Natural Fluids:
Are the Available Databases Adequate for this Purpose? . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 295
12.1 Introduction............................................................... 295
12.2 Equilibrium Analysis Applied to the Modelling of Natural Systems. . . . . . . .. 296
12.3 The Thermodynamic Database (TDB) Example............................ 297
12.3.1 1st Example: Uranium-Carbonate System ........................... 300
12.3.2 2nd Example: Lanthanides Hydrolysis............................... 301
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 304
Part III Toxicants in Marine Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 307
13 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Marine Environment .............. 309
13.1 Introduction............................................................... 309
13.2 Definition of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals... . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . ... 310
13.3 The Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Invertebrates.. . . . . . . . .. 310
13.3.1 General Effects Excluding Imposex.................................. 310
13.3.2 Imposex ............................................................ 310
13.4 The Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Vertebrates. . ... . . . .. . .. 313
13.4.1 Fish................................................................. 313
13.4.2 Reptiles and Amphibians............................................ 315
13-4.3 Birds................................................................ 316
1344 Mammals........................................................... 317
13.4.5 Humans............................................................. 319
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 319
14 Chemistry of Organic Toxicants in Marine Environment. . . ... . . ... . . . .. 325
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 335
15 Toxic Effects of Organometallic Compounds towards
Marine Biota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 337
15.1 Organometallic Derivatives. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... 337
15.2 Organoarsenic............................................................. 337
15.2.1 Organoarsenic Derivatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 337
15.2.2 Biotransformation of Arsenic....................................... 337
15.2.3 Organoarsenic in Marine Biota. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 338
15.3 Organotin ................................................................. 352
15.3.1 Organotin Derivatives.............................................. 352
15.3.2 Organotin in the Marine Biota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 353
Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 379
References ......................... , . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 379