4
condensation
, , ,
,
'~'
, ,
,
snow
'-l.·f
infiltration
~ advection of moist air
precipitation
~
ground
water flow
+ 106
~ if
[Circulating water in J(t lanJ/yearJ
1 Introducing Sea Water
precipitation
+ 382
evaporation
from ocean
- 419
if
sea
Fig. 1.1: The principal pathways of the water circuit (adapted from Strahler and
Strahler, 1992)
The hydrologic cycle is a pronounced evidence of the strong link between the
atmosphere and ocean. The input of energy from the atmosphere drives water
motion in the form of waves and currents. Moreover, through the ocean surface,
oxygen and carbon dioxide - gases vital for the growth of marine organisms
- enter the ocean from the atmosphere. Contrary to the upper ocean layer,
at great ocean depths water motion is extremely slow and water temperature
remains uniform and low. Interaction between atmosphere and ocean is a topic
discussed in some detail in Part II of this book.
1.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Sea Water
1.2.1 Sea Water Density and Related Measures
Water has many unique chemical and physical properties. Unlike most substances which contract when frozen, water expands, allowing ice to float on the
surface of water basins. It is well known that water forms a necessary constituent of the cells of all animals and plant tissues. Most of the water present
in living organisms acts as an irrigant, distributing nutrients and removing
condensation
, , ,
,
'~'
, ,
,
snow
'-l.·f
infiltration
~ advection of moist air
precipitation
~
ground
water flow
+ 106
~ if
[Circulating water in J(t lanJ/yearJ
1 Introducing Sea Water
precipitation
+ 382
evaporation
from ocean
- 419
if
sea
Fig. 1.1: The principal pathways of the water circuit (adapted from Strahler and
Strahler, 1992)
The hydrologic cycle is a pronounced evidence of the strong link between the
atmosphere and ocean. The input of energy from the atmosphere drives water
motion in the form of waves and currents. Moreover, through the ocean surface,
oxygen and carbon dioxide - gases vital for the growth of marine organisms
- enter the ocean from the atmosphere. Contrary to the upper ocean layer,
at great ocean depths water motion is extremely slow and water temperature
remains uniform and low. Interaction between atmosphere and ocean is a topic
discussed in some detail in Part II of this book.
1.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Sea Water
1.2.1 Sea Water Density and Related Measures
Water has many unique chemical and physical properties. Unlike most substances which contract when frozen, water expands, allowing ice to float on the
surface of water basins. It is well known that water forms a necessary constituent of the cells of all animals and plant tissues. Most of the water present
in living organisms acts as an irrigant, distributing nutrients and removing