328
Marine Mammal Physiology: Requisites for Ocean Living
Biotoxin: A poison which is produced by a living organism (Fowler 1993).
Biotransformation: Metabolism or modification of chemical compounds by an organism
using biochemical processes.
Blubber: Integument layers below the epidermis (dermis and hypodermis) (Reeb et al.
2007).
Epidermis: The outermost, often pigmented, integument layer (Reeb et al. 2007).
Essential element: A chemical element that is required for normal physiologic function.
Maternal transfer (transplacental in mammals): Chemicals that are transferred from the
mother to the developing embryo/fetus.
Parity: The amount of pregnancies an organism has carried to gestation, or viable gestational condition.
Poison: A substance which disrupts normal physiologic function via chemical interaction
(Fowler 1993).
Pollutant: A poisonous substance that is derived and or synthesized via anthropogenic
activities and is not found naturally in the environment.
Toxicology: The study of poisons.
References
Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., A. Rocha-Gosselin, and D. Gendron. 2010. A novel non-invasive tool
for disease surveillance of free-ranging whales and its relevance to conservation programs.
Animal Conservation 13:217–225. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00326.x.
Addison, R.F. and P.F. Brodie. 1987. Transfer of organochlorine residues from blubber through the
circulatory system to milk in the lactating grey seal Halichoerus grypus. Canadian Journal of
Fisheries and Aquatic Science 44:782–786. doi: 10.1139/f87-095.
Amiard-Triquet, C. and F. Caurant. 1997. Adaptation of the delphinid Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809)
to cadmium contamination. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 122:127–136.
Anderson, D.M., A.D. Cembella, and G.M. Hallegraeff. 2012. Progress in understanding harmful
algal blooms: Paradigm shifts and new technologies for research, monitoring, and management. Annual Review of Marine Science 4:143–176. doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081121.
Andrews, G.K. 2000. Regulation of metallothionein gene expression by oxidative stress and metal
ions. Biochemical Pharmacology 59:95–104.
Andrews, G.K., E.D. Adamson, and L. Gedamu. 1984. The ontogeny of expression of murine metallothionein: Comparison with the alpha-fetoprotein gene. Developmental Biology 103:294–303.
Barañano, D., M. Rao, C.D. Ferris, and S.H. Snyder. 2002. Biliverdin reductase: A major physiologic
cytoprotectant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99:16093–16098.
Bargu, S., T. Goldstein, K. Roberts, C. Li, and F. Gulland. 2012. Pseudo-nitzschia blooms, domoic
acid, and related California sea lion strandings in Monterey Bay, California. Marine Mammal
Science 28:237–253. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00480.x.
Basu, N., A.M. Scheuhammer, C. Sonne, R.J. Letcher, E.W. Born, and R. Dietz. 2009. Is dietary
mercury of neurotoxicological concern to wild polar bears (Ursus maritimus)? Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 28:133–140. doi: 10.1897/08-251.1.
Beckmen, K.B., J.E. Blake, G.M. Ylitalo, J.L. Stott, and T.M. O’Hara. 2003. Organochlorine contaminant exposure and associations with hematological and humoral immune functional assays
with dam age as a factor in free-ranging northern fur seal pups (Callorhinus ursinus). Marine
Pollution Bulletin 46:594–606. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00039-0.
Bejarano, A.C., F.M. Gulland, T. Goldstein, J. St Leger, M. Hunter, L.H. Schwacke, F.M. Van Dolah,
and T.K. Rowles. 2008. Demographics and spatio-temporal signature of the biotoxin domoic
acid in California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) stranding records. Marine Mammal Science
24:899–912.
Berglund, M., A. Akesson, P. Bjellerup, and M. Vahter. 2000. Metal-bone interactions. Toxicology
Letters 112–113:219–225.
Marine Mammal Physiology: Requisites for Ocean Living
Biotoxin: A poison which is produced by a living organism (Fowler 1993).
Biotransformation: Metabolism or modification of chemical compounds by an organism
using biochemical processes.
Blubber: Integument layers below the epidermis (dermis and hypodermis) (Reeb et al.
2007).
Epidermis: The outermost, often pigmented, integument layer (Reeb et al. 2007).
Essential element: A chemical element that is required for normal physiologic function.
Maternal transfer (transplacental in mammals): Chemicals that are transferred from the
mother to the developing embryo/fetus.
Parity: The amount of pregnancies an organism has carried to gestation, or viable gestational condition.
Poison: A substance which disrupts normal physiologic function via chemical interaction
(Fowler 1993).
Pollutant: A poisonous substance that is derived and or synthesized via anthropogenic
activities and is not found naturally in the environment.
Toxicology: The study of poisons.
References
Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., A. Rocha-Gosselin, and D. Gendron. 2010. A novel non-invasive tool
for disease surveillance of free-ranging whales and its relevance to conservation programs.
Animal Conservation 13:217–225. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00326.x.
Addison, R.F. and P.F. Brodie. 1987. Transfer of organochlorine residues from blubber through the
circulatory system to milk in the lactating grey seal Halichoerus grypus. Canadian Journal of
Fisheries and Aquatic Science 44:782–786. doi: 10.1139/f87-095.
Amiard-Triquet, C. and F. Caurant. 1997. Adaptation of the delphinid Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809)
to cadmium contamination. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 122:127–136.
Anderson, D.M., A.D. Cembella, and G.M. Hallegraeff. 2012. Progress in understanding harmful
algal blooms: Paradigm shifts and new technologies for research, monitoring, and management. Annual Review of Marine Science 4:143–176. doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081121.
Andrews, G.K. 2000. Regulation of metallothionein gene expression by oxidative stress and metal
ions. Biochemical Pharmacology 59:95–104.
Andrews, G.K., E.D. Adamson, and L. Gedamu. 1984. The ontogeny of expression of murine metallothionein: Comparison with the alpha-fetoprotein gene. Developmental Biology 103:294–303.
Barañano, D., M. Rao, C.D. Ferris, and S.H. Snyder. 2002. Biliverdin reductase: A major physiologic
cytoprotectant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99:16093–16098.
Bargu, S., T. Goldstein, K. Roberts, C. Li, and F. Gulland. 2012. Pseudo-nitzschia blooms, domoic
acid, and related California sea lion strandings in Monterey Bay, California. Marine Mammal
Science 28:237–253. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00480.x.
Basu, N., A.M. Scheuhammer, C. Sonne, R.J. Letcher, E.W. Born, and R. Dietz. 2009. Is dietary
mercury of neurotoxicological concern to wild polar bears (Ursus maritimus)? Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 28:133–140. doi: 10.1897/08-251.1.
Beckmen, K.B., J.E. Blake, G.M. Ylitalo, J.L. Stott, and T.M. O’Hara. 2003. Organochlorine contaminant exposure and associations with hematological and humoral immune functional assays
with dam age as a factor in free-ranging northern fur seal pups (Callorhinus ursinus). Marine
Pollution Bulletin 46:594–606. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00039-0.
Bejarano, A.C., F.M. Gulland, T. Goldstein, J. St Leger, M. Hunter, L.H. Schwacke, F.M. Van Dolah,
and T.K. Rowles. 2008. Demographics and spatio-temporal signature of the biotoxin domoic
acid in California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) stranding records. Marine Mammal Science
24:899–912.
Berglund, M., A. Akesson, P. Bjellerup, and M. Vahter. 2000. Metal-bone interactions. Toxicology
Letters 112–113:219–225.