446
The Biology of Sea Turtles, Vol. II
Environmental parameters, in rearing facilities,
418–420
Environmental stress, 163–197
biomarkers and measurements of, 185–187
compensatory mechanisms for, 186
reproductive output and stress hormone
regulation, 149
responses to, 182–185
neuroendocrine (stress hormones), 182–184
neurological, 184–185
special risk for sea turtles, 164–166
stressors causing, 166–182, see also
Environmental stressors and
individual stressors
Environmental stressors, 166–182
chemical pollutants, 169–173
disease, 175–177
eutrophication and algal blooms, 173–175
hatchlings and, 177–182
temperature, 166–169
Epibiotic buildup, in captivity, 427, 431–432
Epididymis
adult, 217
pubertal, 212
Epinephrine (adenaline), environmental stress
and, 183
Eretmochelys imbricata (hawksbill), see also
Tortoiseshell
abundance series, 279
brain, 73
corticosterone downregulation, 149
developmental pattern, 248
ecological roles, 265–269
external anatomy, 42
head, 45
heat stress in hatchlings, 180
internesting weight gain, 149
laparoscopic studies, 137
migrations and habitat use, 229–230
pivotal temperature, 106
rhamphotheci, 45
sex ratios, 113
shell, 44
skeletal anatomy, 48–49
skull, 49, 51
as source of tortoiseshell, 12–13
survival rates, 289
tail, 47
transitional range of temperatures (TRT), 108
Estrogen–testosterone ratios, in sex
determination, 119
Etowah culture, zooarchaeological remains,
12–13
Eutrophication, 173–175
Existence value, 358
External anatomy, 40–42, see also subtopics
appendages: flippers and hind limbs, 47
head, 43–47
jaws, 46–47
scales and scutes, 42–43
shell, 43–45
tail, 47
Eye, see also Vision
anatomy and morphology, 80–82
Eye lesions, 435
F
Faunal remains, 16–17
Feeding, in captivity, 423–426
Feeding problems, 426
Female reproduction, 143–152
arribadas, 150–151, 362
courtship and clutch preparation, 146–147
follicular atresia, 146, 150
heat stress and nesting, 169
hormonal regulation, 149
nesting season regulation, 149–150
oviposition, 147
reproductive history determination, 143–144
reproductive output, 147–149
vitellogenesis, 144–146
year-round nesting, 151
Femoral scutes, 42
Femur (hind limb), 56–57
Fibropapillomatosis, green turtle (GTFP), 172,
174, 176–177, 390
Fishermen, mortality rates, 369
Fishing practices, 251, 319–320, 339–353, see
also Shrimp fishing; Turtle excluder
devices (TEDs)
economic aspects of conservation, 368–371
sampling bias and, 115
TEDs and, 344–345
Flatback turtle, see Natator depressus
Flippers
artificial, 361
external anatomy, 47
skeletal anatomy, 53, 55
Floating–bloating, 166–167, 183, 426, 436-437
Florida
cultural artifacts, 22–23
light pollution case study, 367–368
PCB studies, 173
sex ratio studies, 116–117
thermal stress studies, 167
zooarchaeological remains, 6, 9–14
1123_Index Page 446 Monday, November 18, 2002 9:22 AM
The Biology of Sea Turtles, Vol. II
Environmental parameters, in rearing facilities,
418–420
Environmental stress, 163–197
biomarkers and measurements of, 185–187
compensatory mechanisms for, 186
reproductive output and stress hormone
regulation, 149
responses to, 182–185
neuroendocrine (stress hormones), 182–184
neurological, 184–185
special risk for sea turtles, 164–166
stressors causing, 166–182, see also
Environmental stressors and
individual stressors
Environmental stressors, 166–182
chemical pollutants, 169–173
disease, 175–177
eutrophication and algal blooms, 173–175
hatchlings and, 177–182
temperature, 166–169
Epibiotic buildup, in captivity, 427, 431–432
Epididymis
adult, 217
pubertal, 212
Epinephrine (adenaline), environmental stress
and, 183
Eretmochelys imbricata (hawksbill), see also
Tortoiseshell
abundance series, 279
brain, 73
corticosterone downregulation, 149
developmental pattern, 248
ecological roles, 265–269
external anatomy, 42
head, 45
heat stress in hatchlings, 180
internesting weight gain, 149
laparoscopic studies, 137
migrations and habitat use, 229–230
pivotal temperature, 106
rhamphotheci, 45
sex ratios, 113
shell, 44
skeletal anatomy, 48–49
skull, 49, 51
as source of tortoiseshell, 12–13
survival rates, 289
tail, 47
transitional range of temperatures (TRT), 108
Estrogen–testosterone ratios, in sex
determination, 119
Etowah culture, zooarchaeological remains,
12–13
Eutrophication, 173–175
Existence value, 358
External anatomy, 40–42, see also subtopics
appendages: flippers and hind limbs, 47
head, 43–47
jaws, 46–47
scales and scutes, 42–43
shell, 43–45
tail, 47
Eye, see also Vision
anatomy and morphology, 80–82
Eye lesions, 435
F
Faunal remains, 16–17
Feeding, in captivity, 423–426
Feeding problems, 426
Female reproduction, 143–152
arribadas, 150–151, 362
courtship and clutch preparation, 146–147
follicular atresia, 146, 150
heat stress and nesting, 169
hormonal regulation, 149
nesting season regulation, 149–150
oviposition, 147
reproductive history determination, 143–144
reproductive output, 147–149
vitellogenesis, 144–146
year-round nesting, 151
Femoral scutes, 42
Femur (hind limb), 56–57
Fibropapillomatosis, green turtle (GTFP), 172,
174, 176–177, 390
Fishermen, mortality rates, 369
Fishing practices, 251, 319–320, 339–353, see
also Shrimp fishing; Turtle excluder
devices (TEDs)
economic aspects of conservation, 368–371
sampling bias and, 115
TEDs and, 344–345
Flatback turtle, see Natator depressus
Flippers
artificial, 361
external anatomy, 47
skeletal anatomy, 53, 55
Floating–bloating, 166–167, 183, 426, 436-437
Florida
cultural artifacts, 22–23
light pollution case study, 367–368
PCB studies, 173
sex ratio studies, 116–117
thermal stress studies, 167
zooarchaeological remains, 6, 9–14
1123_Index Page 446 Monday, November 18, 2002 9:22 AM