355
0-8493-1123-3/03/$0.00+$1.50
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
14 Social and Economic
Aspects of Sea Turtle
Conservation
Blair E. Witherington and Nat B. Frazer
CONTENTS
14.1 Introduction .................................................................................................356
14.2 Threats from Use: Direct and Indirect .......................................................357
14.3 What Are Sea Turtles Worth? .....................................................................358
14.3.1 Use Values .......................................................................................358
14.3.1.1 Consumptive Use Value ..................................................358
14.3.1.2 Nonconsumptive Use Value ............................................358
14.3.1.3 Option Value ....................................................................358
14.3.2 Nonuse Values .................................................................................359
14.3.2.1 Existence Value ................................................................359
14.3.2.2 Bequest Value ..................................................................359
14.3.2.3 Intrinsic Value ..................................................................359
14.3.3 Total Value ......................................................................................359
14.4 The Value of Sea Turtle Parts and Sums ....................................................359
14.5 Sea Turtle Supply and Demand ..................................................................362
14.6 Measuring Sea Turtle Value ........................................................................364
14.7 Sea Turtle Value and Tragedy of the Ocean Commons .............................366
14.8 Case Studies of Sea Turtle Value and Conservation ..................................367
14.8.1 Managing Light Pollution ...............................................................367
14.8.2 Managing Mortality from Marine Fisheries ...................................368
14.8.3 Managing Ecotourism .....................................................................371
14.9 How Many Turtles? ....................................................................................373
14.9.1 Preserving Genetic Diversity ..........................................................374
14.9.2 Providing Ecological and Ecosystem Functionality ......................375
14.9.3 Supporting Ecotourism ...................................................................376
14.9.4 Sustaining Harvests of Eggs or Turtles ..........................................376
14.10 Conclusions and Recommendations ..........................................................377
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................378
References ............................................................................................................378
1123 book.book Page 355 Monday, November 11, 2002 11:11 AM
0-8493-1123-3/03/$0.00+$1.50
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
14 Social and Economic
Aspects of Sea Turtle
Conservation
Blair E. Witherington and Nat B. Frazer
CONTENTS
14.1 Introduction .................................................................................................356
14.2 Threats from Use: Direct and Indirect .......................................................357
14.3 What Are Sea Turtles Worth? .....................................................................358
14.3.1 Use Values .......................................................................................358
14.3.1.1 Consumptive Use Value ..................................................358
14.3.1.2 Nonconsumptive Use Value ............................................358
14.3.1.3 Option Value ....................................................................358
14.3.2 Nonuse Values .................................................................................359
14.3.2.1 Existence Value ................................................................359
14.3.2.2 Bequest Value ..................................................................359
14.3.2.3 Intrinsic Value ..................................................................359
14.3.3 Total Value ......................................................................................359
14.4 The Value of Sea Turtle Parts and Sums ....................................................359
14.5 Sea Turtle Supply and Demand ..................................................................362
14.6 Measuring Sea Turtle Value ........................................................................364
14.7 Sea Turtle Value and Tragedy of the Ocean Commons .............................366
14.8 Case Studies of Sea Turtle Value and Conservation ..................................367
14.8.1 Managing Light Pollution ...............................................................367
14.8.2 Managing Mortality from Marine Fisheries ...................................368
14.8.3 Managing Ecotourism .....................................................................371
14.9 How Many Turtles? ....................................................................................373
14.9.1 Preserving Genetic Diversity ..........................................................374
14.9.2 Providing Ecological and Ecosystem Functionality ......................375
14.9.3 Supporting Ecotourism ...................................................................376
14.9.4 Sustaining Harvests of Eggs or Turtles ..........................................376
14.10 Conclusions and Recommendations ..........................................................377
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................378
References ............................................................................................................378
1123 book.book Page 355 Monday, November 11, 2002 11:11 AM