163
0-8493-1123-3/03/$0.00+$1.50
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Physiological and
Genetic Responses
to Environmental Stress
Sarah L. Milton and Peter L. Lutz
CONTENTS
6.1 What Is Stress? ...........................................................................................163
6.2 Why Sea Turtles Are at Special Risk .........................................................164
6.3 Stressors ......................................................................................................166
6.3.1 Temperature .....................................................................................166
6.3.1.1 Hypothermia ....................................................................166
6.3.1.2 Hyperthermia ...................................................................169
6.3.2 Chemical Pollutants ........................................................................169
6.3.2.1 Bioaccumulation ..............................................................170
6.3.2.2 Effects ..............................................................................171
6.3.3 Eutrophication and Algal Blooms ..................................................173
6.3.4 Disease ............................................................................................175
6.3.4.1 Trematodes .......................................................................175
6.3.4.2 GTFP ................................................................................176
6.3.5 Effects of Environmental Stressors on Hatchlings ........................177
6.3.5.1 Emergence Stress and Lactate .........................................178
6.3.5.2 Temperature .....................................................................180
6.3.5.3 Frenzy Swimming ...........................................................180
6.4 Responses to Stress .....................................................................................182
6.4.1 Neuroendocrine Responses (Stress Hormones) .............................182
6.4.2 Immunological Responses ..............................................................184
6.4.3 Gene Response, Molecular Biomarkers, and the Measurement
of Stress: Potential Tools for the Future ........................................185
References ............................................................................................................187
6.1 WHAT IS STRESS?
Many people are uncomfortable with the term stress in animal biology. The root of
the difficulty lies in the common usage of the word and its richness of meanings
6
1123 book.book Page 163 Monday, November 11, 2002 11:11 AM
0-8493-1123-3/03/$0.00+$1.50
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Physiological and
Genetic Responses
to Environmental Stress
Sarah L. Milton and Peter L. Lutz
CONTENTS
6.1 What Is Stress? ...........................................................................................163
6.2 Why Sea Turtles Are at Special Risk .........................................................164
6.3 Stressors ......................................................................................................166
6.3.1 Temperature .....................................................................................166
6.3.1.1 Hypothermia ....................................................................166
6.3.1.2 Hyperthermia ...................................................................169
6.3.2 Chemical Pollutants ........................................................................169
6.3.2.1 Bioaccumulation ..............................................................170
6.3.2.2 Effects ..............................................................................171
6.3.3 Eutrophication and Algal Blooms ..................................................173
6.3.4 Disease ............................................................................................175
6.3.4.1 Trematodes .......................................................................175
6.3.4.2 GTFP ................................................................................176
6.3.5 Effects of Environmental Stressors on Hatchlings ........................177
6.3.5.1 Emergence Stress and Lactate .........................................178
6.3.5.2 Temperature .....................................................................180
6.3.5.3 Frenzy Swimming ...........................................................180
6.4 Responses to Stress .....................................................................................182
6.4.1 Neuroendocrine Responses (Stress Hormones) .............................182
6.4.2 Immunological Responses ..............................................................184
6.4.3 Gene Response, Molecular Biomarkers, and the Measurement
of Stress: Potential Tools for the Future ........................................185
References ............................................................................................................187
6.1 WHAT IS STRESS?
Many people are uncomfortable with the term stress in animal biology. The root of
the difficulty lies in the common usage of the word and its richness of meanings
6
1123 book.book Page 163 Monday, November 11, 2002 11:11 AM