8
1 Basics of standards
Table 1.1. (cont.)
Development process
Framework standards
Performance standards
Testing methods
Terminology
De-facta standards
Regulatory standards
Consensus standards
are the foundations of multiple products and services like the metric system, data dictionaries, and a Coordinate Reference System
are results oriented and do not specity
how to do it. Examples are the braking
distance or the pavement service life
provide consistent and replicable
methods for assuring quality and compliances. Examples are crash tests, conformance testing, and ISO 9000
creates agreements on what words
mean, accelerating contracting and
minimizing confusion and conflict
arise from market forces. The de-facto
standards are most successful when
dominant participants can "dictate"
standards. But they also help speed the
entry of smaller competitors, especially
when standards are open and not proprietary
are created and enforced by public
agencies through rule-making. These
standards are best for public safety and
health or for situations where economics require system-wide actions like the
emission standards for automobiles
are either voluntary agreements or set
via Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs) like the ISO
1.2 International standardisation organizations and
consortia
An individual trying to find the standard that is relevant to an applieation may encounter a large number of groups and organizations that claim to be eompetent in the
standardisation business. At the international level ISO and OGC (Open GIS
Consortium) are weil known to the geographie information eommunity. However,
other aeronyms like IEC and ITU are less familiar. In addition, the standards eommunity works with a lot of abbreviations, like TC, SC, JTC, WG, SIG that makes
them diffieult to read and understand. Nevertheless, onee the meaning of the abbreviations is known they ean simplify eommunieation. This seetion reviews the important groups, explains their terminology, and deseribes their interrelations.
1 Basics of standards
Table 1.1. (cont.)
Development process
Framework standards
Performance standards
Testing methods
Terminology
De-facta standards
Regulatory standards
Consensus standards
are the foundations of multiple products and services like the metric system, data dictionaries, and a Coordinate Reference System
are results oriented and do not specity
how to do it. Examples are the braking
distance or the pavement service life
provide consistent and replicable
methods for assuring quality and compliances. Examples are crash tests, conformance testing, and ISO 9000
creates agreements on what words
mean, accelerating contracting and
minimizing confusion and conflict
arise from market forces. The de-facto
standards are most successful when
dominant participants can "dictate"
standards. But they also help speed the
entry of smaller competitors, especially
when standards are open and not proprietary
are created and enforced by public
agencies through rule-making. These
standards are best for public safety and
health or for situations where economics require system-wide actions like the
emission standards for automobiles
are either voluntary agreements or set
via Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs) like the ISO
1.2 International standardisation organizations and
consortia
An individual trying to find the standard that is relevant to an applieation may encounter a large number of groups and organizations that claim to be eompetent in the
standardisation business. At the international level ISO and OGC (Open GIS
Consortium) are weil known to the geographie information eommunity. However,
other aeronyms like IEC and ITU are less familiar. In addition, the standards eommunity works with a lot of abbreviations, like TC, SC, JTC, WG, SIG that makes
them diffieult to read and understand. Nevertheless, onee the meaning of the abbreviations is known they ean simplify eommunieation. This seetion reviews the important groups, explains their terminology, and deseribes their interrelations.