214 Marine Macro- and Microalgae: An Overview
Philips, N., T. Keller, C. Hendrix, S. Hamilton, R. Arena, M. Tuason and S. Gonzalez. 2007. Regulation of the extracellular
matrix remodeling by lutein in dermal fibroblasts, melanoma cells, and ultraviolet radiation exposed fibroblasts. Arch.
Dermatol. Res. 299: 373–379.
Philips, N., S. Auler, R. Hugo and S. Gonzalez. Beneficial Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases for Skin Health Enzyme
Res. [Online], 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/427285.
Pillai, S., C. Oresajo and J. Hayward. 2005. Ultraviolet radiation and skin aging: roles of reactive oxygen species, inflammation
and protease activation, and strategies for prevention of inflammation-induced matrix degradation—a review. Int. J.
Cosmetic Sci. 27: 17–34.
Podkorytova, A.V., L.H. Vafina, E.A. Kovaleva and V.I. Mikhailov. 2007. Production of algal gels from the brown alga,
Laminaria japonica Aresch., and their biotechnological applications. J. Appl. Phycol. 19: 827–830.
Pontius, A.T. and P.W. Smith. 2011. An antiaging and regenerative medicine approach to optimal skin health. Facial Plast.
Surg. 27: 29–34.
Prasad, K., A.K. Siddhanta, M. Ganesan, B.K. Ramavat, B. Jha and P.K. Ghosh. 2007. Agars of Gelidiella acerosa of west
and southeast coasts of India. Bioresour. Technol. 1907–1915.
Radhir, R., Y.T. Lin and K. Shetty. 2004. Phenolics, their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in dark germinated fenugreek
sprouts in respose to peptide and phytochemical elicitors. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 13: 295–307.
Rasmussen, R.S. and M.T. Morrissey. 2007. Marine biotechnology for production of food ingredients. Adv. Food Nutr. Res.
52: 237–292.
Rhie, G., M. Shin, J. Seo, W. Choi, K. Cho, K. Kim, K. Park, H. Eun and J. Chung. 2001. Aging-and photoaging-dependent
changes of enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants in the epidermis and dermis of human skin in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol.
117: 1212–1217.
Riccioni, G., N. D’Orazio, S. Franceschelli and L. Speranza. 2011. Marine carotenoids and cardiovascular risk markers. Mar.
Drugs 9: 1166–1175.
Rinaudo, M. 2008. Main properties and current applications of some polysaccharides as biomaterials. Polym. Int. 57: 397–430.
Ryu, B., Z.-J. Qian, M.-M. Kim, K.W. Nam and S.-K. Kim. 2009. Anti-photoaging activity and inhibition of matrix
metalloproteinase (MMP) by marine red alga, Corallina pilulifera methanol extract. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 78: 98–105.
Sachindra, N.M., E. Sato, H. Maeda, M. Hosokawa, Y. Niwano, M. Kohno and K. Miyashita. 2007. Radical scavenging
and singlet oxygen quenching activity of marine carotenoid fucoxanthin and its metabolites. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:
8516–8522.
Schaeffer, D.J. and V.S. Krylov. 2000. Anti-HIV activity of extracts and compounds from algae and cyanobacteria. Ecotox.
Environ. Safety 45: 208–227.
Schmid, D., C. Schürch and F. Zülli. 2004. UV-A sunscreen from red algae for protection against premature skin aging.
Cosmet. Toilet. Manuf. Worldw. 139–143.
Senni, K., F. Gueniche, A. Foucault-Bertaud, S. Igondjo-Tchen and F. Fioretti. 2006. Fucoidan a sulfated polysaccharide from
brown algae is a potent modulator of connective tissue proteolysis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 445: 56–64.
Servel, M.O., C. Claire, A. Derrien, L. Coiffard and Y. De Roeck-Holtzhauer. 1994. Fatty acid composition of some marine
microalgae. Phytochemistry 36: 691–693.
Shibata, A., Y. Kiba, N. Akati, K. Fukuzawa and H. Terada. 2001. Molecular characteristics of astaxanthin and β-carotene in
the phospholipid monolayer and their distributions in the phospholipid bilayer. Chem. Phys. Lipids 113: 11–22.
Shibata, T., K. Nagayama, R. Tanaka, K. Yamaguchi and T. Nakamura. 2003. Inhibitory effects of brown algal phlorotannins
on secretory phospholipase A 2 s, lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases. J. Appl. Phycol. 15: 61–66.
Shibata, T., K. Ishimaru, S. Kawaguchi, H. Yoshikawa and Y. Hama. 2008. Antioxidant activities of phlorotannins isolated
from Japanese Laminariaceae. J. Appl. Phycol. 20: 705–711.
Shimoda, H., J. Tanaka, S.J. Shan and T. Maoka. 2010. Anti-pigmentary activity of fucoxanthin and its influence on skin
mRNA expression of melanogenic molecules. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 62: 1137–1145.
Shiratori, K., K. Ohgami, I. Ilieva, X.H. Jin, Y. Koyama, K. Miyashita, K. Yoshida, S. Kase and S. Ohno. 2005. Effects of
fucoxanthin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Exp. Eye Res. 81: 422–428.
Singh, S.P., S. Kumari, R.P. Rastogi, K.L. Singh and R.P. Sinha. 2008. Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs): chemical
structure, biosynthesis and significance as UV-absorbing/screening compounds. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 46: 7–17.
Skjåk-Bræk, G., H. Grasdalen and O. Smidsrød. 1989. Inhomogeneous polysaccharide ionic gels. Carbohydr. Polym. 10: 31–54.
Smit, A.J. 2004. Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products. A review. J. Appl. Phycol. 16: 245–262.
Soeda, S., S. Sakaguchi, H. Shimeno and A. Nagamatsu. 1992. Fibrinolytic and anticoagulant activities of highly sulfated
fucoidan. Biochem. Pharmacol. 43: 1853–1858.
Song, Y.S., M.C. Balcos, H.-Y. Yun, K.J. Baek, N.S. Kwon, M.-K. Kim and D.-S. Kim. 2015. ERK activation by fucoidan
leads to inhibition of melanogenesis in Mel-Ab cells. Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 19: 29–34.
Stahl, W. and H. Sies. 2005. Bioactivity and protective effects of natural carotenoids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1740: 101– 107.
Stanford, E.C.C. 1883. On algin; a new substance obtained from some of the commoner species of marine algae. Chem.
News 47: 254–257.
Sukenik, A., O. Zmora and Y. Carmeli. 1993. Biochemical quality of marine unicellular algae with special emphasis on lipid
composition: II. Nannochloropsis sp. Aquaculture 117: 313–326.
Tang, H.-F., Y.-H. Yi, X.-S. Yao, Q.-Z. Xu, S.-Y. Zhang and H.-W. Lin. 2002. Bioactive steroids from the brown alga Sargassum
carpophyllum. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 4: 95–101.
Philips, N., T. Keller, C. Hendrix, S. Hamilton, R. Arena, M. Tuason and S. Gonzalez. 2007. Regulation of the extracellular
matrix remodeling by lutein in dermal fibroblasts, melanoma cells, and ultraviolet radiation exposed fibroblasts. Arch.
Dermatol. Res. 299: 373–379.
Philips, N., S. Auler, R. Hugo and S. Gonzalez. Beneficial Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases for Skin Health Enzyme
Res. [Online], 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/427285.
Pillai, S., C. Oresajo and J. Hayward. 2005. Ultraviolet radiation and skin aging: roles of reactive oxygen species, inflammation
and protease activation, and strategies for prevention of inflammation-induced matrix degradation—a review. Int. J.
Cosmetic Sci. 27: 17–34.
Podkorytova, A.V., L.H. Vafina, E.A. Kovaleva and V.I. Mikhailov. 2007. Production of algal gels from the brown alga,
Laminaria japonica Aresch., and their biotechnological applications. J. Appl. Phycol. 19: 827–830.
Pontius, A.T. and P.W. Smith. 2011. An antiaging and regenerative medicine approach to optimal skin health. Facial Plast.
Surg. 27: 29–34.
Prasad, K., A.K. Siddhanta, M. Ganesan, B.K. Ramavat, B. Jha and P.K. Ghosh. 2007. Agars of Gelidiella acerosa of west
and southeast coasts of India. Bioresour. Technol. 1907–1915.
Radhir, R., Y.T. Lin and K. Shetty. 2004. Phenolics, their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in dark germinated fenugreek
sprouts in respose to peptide and phytochemical elicitors. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 13: 295–307.
Rasmussen, R.S. and M.T. Morrissey. 2007. Marine biotechnology for production of food ingredients. Adv. Food Nutr. Res.
52: 237–292.
Rhie, G., M. Shin, J. Seo, W. Choi, K. Cho, K. Kim, K. Park, H. Eun and J. Chung. 2001. Aging-and photoaging-dependent
changes of enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants in the epidermis and dermis of human skin in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol.
117: 1212–1217.
Riccioni, G., N. D’Orazio, S. Franceschelli and L. Speranza. 2011. Marine carotenoids and cardiovascular risk markers. Mar.
Drugs 9: 1166–1175.
Rinaudo, M. 2008. Main properties and current applications of some polysaccharides as biomaterials. Polym. Int. 57: 397–430.
Ryu, B., Z.-J. Qian, M.-M. Kim, K.W. Nam and S.-K. Kim. 2009. Anti-photoaging activity and inhibition of matrix
metalloproteinase (MMP) by marine red alga, Corallina pilulifera methanol extract. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 78: 98–105.
Sachindra, N.M., E. Sato, H. Maeda, M. Hosokawa, Y. Niwano, M. Kohno and K. Miyashita. 2007. Radical scavenging
and singlet oxygen quenching activity of marine carotenoid fucoxanthin and its metabolites. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:
8516–8522.
Schaeffer, D.J. and V.S. Krylov. 2000. Anti-HIV activity of extracts and compounds from algae and cyanobacteria. Ecotox.
Environ. Safety 45: 208–227.
Schmid, D., C. Schürch and F. Zülli. 2004. UV-A sunscreen from red algae for protection against premature skin aging.
Cosmet. Toilet. Manuf. Worldw. 139–143.
Senni, K., F. Gueniche, A. Foucault-Bertaud, S. Igondjo-Tchen and F. Fioretti. 2006. Fucoidan a sulfated polysaccharide from
brown algae is a potent modulator of connective tissue proteolysis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 445: 56–64.
Servel, M.O., C. Claire, A. Derrien, L. Coiffard and Y. De Roeck-Holtzhauer. 1994. Fatty acid composition of some marine
microalgae. Phytochemistry 36: 691–693.
Shibata, A., Y. Kiba, N. Akati, K. Fukuzawa and H. Terada. 2001. Molecular characteristics of astaxanthin and β-carotene in
the phospholipid monolayer and their distributions in the phospholipid bilayer. Chem. Phys. Lipids 113: 11–22.
Shibata, T., K. Nagayama, R. Tanaka, K. Yamaguchi and T. Nakamura. 2003. Inhibitory effects of brown algal phlorotannins
on secretory phospholipase A 2 s, lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases. J. Appl. Phycol. 15: 61–66.
Shibata, T., K. Ishimaru, S. Kawaguchi, H. Yoshikawa and Y. Hama. 2008. Antioxidant activities of phlorotannins isolated
from Japanese Laminariaceae. J. Appl. Phycol. 20: 705–711.
Shimoda, H., J. Tanaka, S.J. Shan and T. Maoka. 2010. Anti-pigmentary activity of fucoxanthin and its influence on skin
mRNA expression of melanogenic molecules. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 62: 1137–1145.
Shiratori, K., K. Ohgami, I. Ilieva, X.H. Jin, Y. Koyama, K. Miyashita, K. Yoshida, S. Kase and S. Ohno. 2005. Effects of
fucoxanthin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Exp. Eye Res. 81: 422–428.
Singh, S.P., S. Kumari, R.P. Rastogi, K.L. Singh and R.P. Sinha. 2008. Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs): chemical
structure, biosynthesis and significance as UV-absorbing/screening compounds. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 46: 7–17.
Skjåk-Bræk, G., H. Grasdalen and O. Smidsrød. 1989. Inhomogeneous polysaccharide ionic gels. Carbohydr. Polym. 10: 31–54.
Smit, A.J. 2004. Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products. A review. J. Appl. Phycol. 16: 245–262.
Soeda, S., S. Sakaguchi, H. Shimeno and A. Nagamatsu. 1992. Fibrinolytic and anticoagulant activities of highly sulfated
fucoidan. Biochem. Pharmacol. 43: 1853–1858.
Song, Y.S., M.C. Balcos, H.-Y. Yun, K.J. Baek, N.S. Kwon, M.-K. Kim and D.-S. Kim. 2015. ERK activation by fucoidan
leads to inhibition of melanogenesis in Mel-Ab cells. Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 19: 29–34.
Stahl, W. and H. Sies. 2005. Bioactivity and protective effects of natural carotenoids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1740: 101– 107.
Stanford, E.C.C. 1883. On algin; a new substance obtained from some of the commoner species of marine algae. Chem.
News 47: 254–257.
Sukenik, A., O. Zmora and Y. Carmeli. 1993. Biochemical quality of marine unicellular algae with special emphasis on lipid
composition: II. Nannochloropsis sp. Aquaculture 117: 313–326.
Tang, H.-F., Y.-H. Yi, X.-S. Yao, Q.-Z. Xu, S.-Y. Zhang and H.-W. Lin. 2002. Bioactive steroids from the brown alga Sargassum
carpophyllum. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 4: 95–101.