212 Marine Macro- and Microalgae: An Overview
Das, U.N. 2006. Essential fatty acids: biochemistry, physiology and pathology. Biotechnol. J. 1: 420–439.
Dembitsky, V.M. and T. Maoka. 2007. Allenic and cumulenic lipids. Prog. Lipid Res. 46: 328–375.
Donati, I., S. Holtan, Y.A. Morch, M. Borgogna, M. Dentini and G. Skjak-Braek. 2005. New hypothesis on the role of alternating
sequences in calcium-alginate gels. Biomacromolecules 6: 1031–1040.
Dunlap, W.C. and Y. Yamamoto. 1995. Small-molecule antioxidants in marine organisms: Antioxidant activity of mycosporineglycine. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 112: 105–114.
Dunlap, W.C., B.E. Chalker, W.M. Bandaranayake and J.J. Wu Won. 1998. Nature’s sunscreen from the great barrier reef,
Australia. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 20: 41–51.
El Gamal, A.A. 2009. Biological importance of marine algae. Saudi Pharm. J. 18: 1–25.
Fisher, G.J., S.C. Datta, H.S. Talwar, Z.Q. Wang, J. Varani, S. Kang and J.J. Voorhees. 1996. Molecular basis of sun-induced
premature skin ageing and retinoid antagonism. Nature 379: 335–339.
Fisher, G.J., T. Quan, T. Purohit, Y. Shao, M.K. Cho, T. He, J. Varani, S. Kang and J.J. Voorhees. 2009. Collagen fragmentation
promotes oxidative stress and elevates matrix metalloproteinase–1 in fibroblasts in aged human skin. Am. J. Pathol.
174: 101–114.
Fraser, J.R., T.C. Laurent and U.B. Laurent. 1997. Hyaluronan: its nature, distribution, functions and turnover. J. Intern. Med.
242: 27–33.
Fujimura, T., K. Tsukahara, S. Moriwaki, T. Kitahara and Y. Takema. 2000. Effects of natural product extracts on contraction
and mechanical properties of fibroblast populated collagen gel. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 23: 291–297.
Fujimura, T., K. Tsukahara, S. Moriwaki, T. Kitahara, T. Sano and Y. Tatema. 2002. Treatment of human skin with an extract
of Fucus vesiculosus changes thickness and mechanical properties. J. Cosmet. Sci. 53: 1–9.
Funk, C.D. 2001. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: Advances in eicosanoid biology. Science 294: 1871–1875.
Halloran, P.F. 1996. Molecular mechanisms of new immunosuppressants. Clin. Transplant. 10: 118–123.
Hayashi, K., T. Nakano, M. Hashimoto, K. Kanekiyo and T. Hayashi. 2008. Defensive effects of a fucoidan from brown alga
Undaria pinnatifida against herpes simplex virus infection. Int. Immunopharmacol. 8: 109–116.
Henry, G., R. Momin, M. Nair and D. Dewitt. 2002. Antioxidant and cyclooxygenase activities of fatty acids found in food.
J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 2231–2234.
Heo, S.J., S.C. Ko, S.H. Cha, D.H. Kang, H.S. Park, Y.U. Choi, D. Kim, W.K. Jung and Y.J. Jeon. 2009. Effect of phlorotannins
isolated from Ecklonia cava on melanogenesis and their protective effect against photo-oxidative stress induced by UV-B
radiation. Toxicol. In Vitro. 23: 1123–1130.
Heo, S.J., S.C. Ko, S.M. Kang, S.H. Cha, S.H. Lee, D.H. Kang, W.K. Jung, A. Affan, C. Oh and Y.J. Jeon. 2010. Inhibitory
effect of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol on melanogenesis and its protective effect against UV-B radiation-induced cell
damage. Food Chem. Toxicol. 48: 1355–1361.
Holtkamp, A.D., S. Kelly, R. Ulber and S. Lang. 2009. Fucoidans and fucoidanases-focus on techniques for molecular structure
elucidation and modification of marine polysaccharides. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 82: 1–11.
Ishihara, K., M. Murata, M. Kaneniwa, H. Saito, W. Komatsu and K. Shinohara. 2000. Purification of stearidonic acid (18:4(n3)) and hexadecatetraenoic acid (16:4(n-3)) from algal fatty acid with lipase and medium pressure liquid chromatography.
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64: 2454–2457.
Jiménez-Escrig, A., I. Jiménez-Jiménez, R. Pulido and F. Saura-Calixto. 2001. Antioxidant activity of fresh and processed
edible seaweeds. J. Sci. Food Agr. 81: 530–534.
Joe, M.J., S.N. Kim, H.Y. Choi, W.S. Shin, G.M. Park, D.W. Kang and Y.K. Kim. 2006. The inhibitory effects of eckol and
dieckol from Ecklonia stolonifera on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human dermal fibroblasts. Biol.
Pharm. Bull. 29: 1735–1739.
Jormalainen, V. and T. Honkanen. 2004. Variation in natural selection for growth and phlorotannins in the brown alga Fucus
vesiculosus. J. Evolution. Biol. 17: 807–820.
Jung, H.A., S.K. Hyun, H.R. Kim and J.S. Choi. 2006. Angiotensin-converting enzyme I inhibitory activity of phlorotannins
from Ecklonia stolonifera. Fisheries Sci. 72: 1292–1299.
Jung, S.-H., M.-J. Ku, H.-J. Moon, B.-C. u, M.-J. Jeon and Y.-H. Lee. 2009. Effects of fucoidan on melanin synthesis and
tyrosinase activity. J. Life Sci. 19: 75–80.
Kakinuma, M., C.S. Park and H. Amano. 2001. Distribution of free L-cysteine and glutathione in seaweeds. Fisheries Sci.
67: 194–196.
Kang, H., H. Chung, J. Kim, B. Son, H. Jung and J. Choi. 2004. Inhibitory phlorotannins from the edible brown alga Ecklonia
stolonifera on total reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Arch. Pharm. Res. 27: 194–198.
Kang, X.J., F.X. Wang, C.M. Sheng and Y. Zhu. 2006. Undaria pinnatifida stem fucoidan biological activity of the composition
and bioactivity. Chin. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41: 1748–1750.
Kim, H.H., C.M. Shin, C.H. Park, K.H. Kim, K.H. Cho, H.C. Eun and J.H. Chung. 2005. Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits UV
induced MMP-1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts. J. Lipid Res. 46: 1712–1720.
Kim, M.M., Q. Van Ta, E. Mendis, N. Rajapakse, W.K. Jung, H.G. Byun, Y.J. Jeon and S.K. Kim. 2006. Phlorotannins in
Ecklonia cava extract inhibit matrix metalloproteinase activity. Life Sci. 79: 1436–1443.
Kim, S.-K., D. Ravichandran, S.B. Khan and Y.T. Kim. 2008. Prospective of the cosmeceuticals derived from marine organisms.
Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 13: 511–523.
Kim, S.-K., T.-S. Vo and D.-H. Ngo. 2013. Fucoidan: a potent ingredient of marine nutraceuticals. In: S.-K. Kim (ed.). Marine
Nutraceuticals: Prospects and Perspectives. CRC Press, Hoboken.
Das, U.N. 2006. Essential fatty acids: biochemistry, physiology and pathology. Biotechnol. J. 1: 420–439.
Dembitsky, V.M. and T. Maoka. 2007. Allenic and cumulenic lipids. Prog. Lipid Res. 46: 328–375.
Donati, I., S. Holtan, Y.A. Morch, M. Borgogna, M. Dentini and G. Skjak-Braek. 2005. New hypothesis on the role of alternating
sequences in calcium-alginate gels. Biomacromolecules 6: 1031–1040.
Dunlap, W.C. and Y. Yamamoto. 1995. Small-molecule antioxidants in marine organisms: Antioxidant activity of mycosporineglycine. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 112: 105–114.
Dunlap, W.C., B.E. Chalker, W.M. Bandaranayake and J.J. Wu Won. 1998. Nature’s sunscreen from the great barrier reef,
Australia. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 20: 41–51.
El Gamal, A.A. 2009. Biological importance of marine algae. Saudi Pharm. J. 18: 1–25.
Fisher, G.J., S.C. Datta, H.S. Talwar, Z.Q. Wang, J. Varani, S. Kang and J.J. Voorhees. 1996. Molecular basis of sun-induced
premature skin ageing and retinoid antagonism. Nature 379: 335–339.
Fisher, G.J., T. Quan, T. Purohit, Y. Shao, M.K. Cho, T. He, J. Varani, S. Kang and J.J. Voorhees. 2009. Collagen fragmentation
promotes oxidative stress and elevates matrix metalloproteinase–1 in fibroblasts in aged human skin. Am. J. Pathol.
174: 101–114.
Fraser, J.R., T.C. Laurent and U.B. Laurent. 1997. Hyaluronan: its nature, distribution, functions and turnover. J. Intern. Med.
242: 27–33.
Fujimura, T., K. Tsukahara, S. Moriwaki, T. Kitahara and Y. Takema. 2000. Effects of natural product extracts on contraction
and mechanical properties of fibroblast populated collagen gel. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 23: 291–297.
Fujimura, T., K. Tsukahara, S. Moriwaki, T. Kitahara, T. Sano and Y. Tatema. 2002. Treatment of human skin with an extract
of Fucus vesiculosus changes thickness and mechanical properties. J. Cosmet. Sci. 53: 1–9.
Funk, C.D. 2001. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: Advances in eicosanoid biology. Science 294: 1871–1875.
Halloran, P.F. 1996. Molecular mechanisms of new immunosuppressants. Clin. Transplant. 10: 118–123.
Hayashi, K., T. Nakano, M. Hashimoto, K. Kanekiyo and T. Hayashi. 2008. Defensive effects of a fucoidan from brown alga
Undaria pinnatifida against herpes simplex virus infection. Int. Immunopharmacol. 8: 109–116.
Henry, G., R. Momin, M. Nair and D. Dewitt. 2002. Antioxidant and cyclooxygenase activities of fatty acids found in food.
J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 2231–2234.
Heo, S.J., S.C. Ko, S.H. Cha, D.H. Kang, H.S. Park, Y.U. Choi, D. Kim, W.K. Jung and Y.J. Jeon. 2009. Effect of phlorotannins
isolated from Ecklonia cava on melanogenesis and their protective effect against photo-oxidative stress induced by UV-B
radiation. Toxicol. In Vitro. 23: 1123–1130.
Heo, S.J., S.C. Ko, S.M. Kang, S.H. Cha, S.H. Lee, D.H. Kang, W.K. Jung, A. Affan, C. Oh and Y.J. Jeon. 2010. Inhibitory
effect of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol on melanogenesis and its protective effect against UV-B radiation-induced cell
damage. Food Chem. Toxicol. 48: 1355–1361.
Holtkamp, A.D., S. Kelly, R. Ulber and S. Lang. 2009. Fucoidans and fucoidanases-focus on techniques for molecular structure
elucidation and modification of marine polysaccharides. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 82: 1–11.
Ishihara, K., M. Murata, M. Kaneniwa, H. Saito, W. Komatsu and K. Shinohara. 2000. Purification of stearidonic acid (18:4(n3)) and hexadecatetraenoic acid (16:4(n-3)) from algal fatty acid with lipase and medium pressure liquid chromatography.
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64: 2454–2457.
Jiménez-Escrig, A., I. Jiménez-Jiménez, R. Pulido and F. Saura-Calixto. 2001. Antioxidant activity of fresh and processed
edible seaweeds. J. Sci. Food Agr. 81: 530–534.
Joe, M.J., S.N. Kim, H.Y. Choi, W.S. Shin, G.M. Park, D.W. Kang and Y.K. Kim. 2006. The inhibitory effects of eckol and
dieckol from Ecklonia stolonifera on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human dermal fibroblasts. Biol.
Pharm. Bull. 29: 1735–1739.
Jormalainen, V. and T. Honkanen. 2004. Variation in natural selection for growth and phlorotannins in the brown alga Fucus
vesiculosus. J. Evolution. Biol. 17: 807–820.
Jung, H.A., S.K. Hyun, H.R. Kim and J.S. Choi. 2006. Angiotensin-converting enzyme I inhibitory activity of phlorotannins
from Ecklonia stolonifera. Fisheries Sci. 72: 1292–1299.
Jung, S.-H., M.-J. Ku, H.-J. Moon, B.-C. u, M.-J. Jeon and Y.-H. Lee. 2009. Effects of fucoidan on melanin synthesis and
tyrosinase activity. J. Life Sci. 19: 75–80.
Kakinuma, M., C.S. Park and H. Amano. 2001. Distribution of free L-cysteine and glutathione in seaweeds. Fisheries Sci.
67: 194–196.
Kang, H., H. Chung, J. Kim, B. Son, H. Jung and J. Choi. 2004. Inhibitory phlorotannins from the edible brown alga Ecklonia
stolonifera on total reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Arch. Pharm. Res. 27: 194–198.
Kang, X.J., F.X. Wang, C.M. Sheng and Y. Zhu. 2006. Undaria pinnatifida stem fucoidan biological activity of the composition
and bioactivity. Chin. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41: 1748–1750.
Kim, H.H., C.M. Shin, C.H. Park, K.H. Kim, K.H. Cho, H.C. Eun and J.H. Chung. 2005. Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits UV
induced MMP-1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts. J. Lipid Res. 46: 1712–1720.
Kim, M.M., Q. Van Ta, E. Mendis, N. Rajapakse, W.K. Jung, H.G. Byun, Y.J. Jeon and S.K. Kim. 2006. Phlorotannins in
Ecklonia cava extract inhibit matrix metalloproteinase activity. Life Sci. 79: 1436–1443.
Kim, S.-K., D. Ravichandran, S.B. Khan and Y.T. Kim. 2008. Prospective of the cosmeceuticals derived from marine organisms.
Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 13: 511–523.
Kim, S.-K., T.-S. Vo and D.-H. Ngo. 2013. Fucoidan: a potent ingredient of marine nutraceuticals. In: S.-K. Kim (ed.). Marine
Nutraceuticals: Prospects and Perspectives. CRC Press, Hoboken.