Parameterization of Convective Boundary Layer Turbulence and Clouds
129
Tiedtke, M. 1987. The parameterization of moist processes. Part 2: The parameterization of
cumulus convection. ECMWF Lecture Series. 56pp.
Tiedtke, M. 1989. A comprehensive mass fl ux scheme for cumulus parameterization in largescale models. Mon. Wea. Rev. 177:1779–1800.
Tiedtke, M. 1991. Aspects of cumulus parameterization. Proceedings of the ECMWF Seminar
on Tropical Extra-Tropical Interactions, Reading, U.K., ECMWF, pp. 441–466.
Tiedtke, M. 1993. Representation of clouds in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev.
121:3040–3061.
Tiedtke, M., W. A. Heckley, and J. Slingo. 1988. Tropical forecasting at ECMWF: On the
infl uence of physical parameterization on the mean structure of forecasts and analyses.
Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 114:639–664.
Tompkins, A. M. 2002. A prognostic parameterization for the subgrid-scale variability of
water vapour and clouds in large-scale models and its use to diagnose cloud cover. J.
Atmos. Sci. 59:1917–1942.
Troen, I. and L. Mahrt. 1986. A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer: sensitivity
to surface evaporation. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 37:129–148.
Turner, J. S. 1973. Buoyancy Effects in Fluids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Van Dorland, R. 1999. Radiation and climate: From radiative transfer modelling to global
temperature response. PhD thesis. University of Utrecht, the Netherlands.
VonFicker, H. 1936. Die Passatinversion. Veröffentlichungen des Meteorologischen Institutes
der Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 33pp.
van Ulden, A. P. and A. P. Siebesma. 1997. A model for strong updrafts in the convective
boundary layer. In Proceedings of the 12th Symposium on Boundary Layers and
Turbulence. Vancouver BC, pp. 258–260.
van Zanten, M. 2000. Entrainment processes in stratocumulus. PhD thesis. University of
Utrecht, the Netherlands, 139pp.
Wang, S. and B. A. Albrecht. 1990. A mean-gradient model of the dry convective boundary
layer. J. Atmos. Sci. 47:126–138.
Wang, S. and B. Stevens. 2000. On top-hat representations of turbulence statistics in cloudtopped boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci. 57:423–441.
Warner, J. 1970. On steady-state one dimensional models of cumulus convection. J. Atmos.
Sci. 27:1035–1040.
Warner, J. 1977. Time variation of updrafts and water content in small cumulus clouds. J.
Atmos. Sci. 34:1306–1312.
Willimason, D. L., J. T. Kiehl, V. Ramanathan, R. E. Dockinson, and J. J. Hack. 1987.
Description of NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1), NCAR Tech. Note, NCAR/
TN-285+STR.
Wyngaard, J. C. 1998. Convection viewed from a turbulence perspective. In Buoyant
Convection in Geophysical Flows, eds. E. J. Plate et al., Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 23–39.
Wyngaard, J. C. and C.-H. Moeng. 1992. Parameterizing turbulent diffusion through the joint
probability density. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 60:1630–1649.
Yanai, M., S. Esbensen, and J. Chu. 1973. Determination of bulk properties of tropical cloud
clusters from large-scale heat and moisture budgets. J. Atmos. Sci. 30:611–627.
Young, G. 1988a. Turbulence structure of the convective boundary layer. Part I: Variability of
normalized statistics. J. Atmos. Sci. 45:719–726.
Young, G. 1988b. Turbulence structure of the convective boundary layer. Part II: Phoenix 78
aircraft observations of thermals and their environment. J. Atmos. Sci. 45:727–735.
Young, G. 1988c. Turbulence structure of the convective boundary layer. Part III: The vertical
velocity budgets of thermals and their environment. J. Atmos. Sci. 45:2039–2049.
© 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
129
Tiedtke, M. 1987. The parameterization of moist processes. Part 2: The parameterization of
cumulus convection. ECMWF Lecture Series. 56pp.
Tiedtke, M. 1989. A comprehensive mass fl ux scheme for cumulus parameterization in largescale models. Mon. Wea. Rev. 177:1779–1800.
Tiedtke, M. 1991. Aspects of cumulus parameterization. Proceedings of the ECMWF Seminar
on Tropical Extra-Tropical Interactions, Reading, U.K., ECMWF, pp. 441–466.
Tiedtke, M. 1993. Representation of clouds in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev.
121:3040–3061.
Tiedtke, M., W. A. Heckley, and J. Slingo. 1988. Tropical forecasting at ECMWF: On the
infl uence of physical parameterization on the mean structure of forecasts and analyses.
Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 114:639–664.
Tompkins, A. M. 2002. A prognostic parameterization for the subgrid-scale variability of
water vapour and clouds in large-scale models and its use to diagnose cloud cover. J.
Atmos. Sci. 59:1917–1942.
Troen, I. and L. Mahrt. 1986. A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer: sensitivity
to surface evaporation. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 37:129–148.
Turner, J. S. 1973. Buoyancy Effects in Fluids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Van Dorland, R. 1999. Radiation and climate: From radiative transfer modelling to global
temperature response. PhD thesis. University of Utrecht, the Netherlands.
VonFicker, H. 1936. Die Passatinversion. Veröffentlichungen des Meteorologischen Institutes
der Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 33pp.
van Ulden, A. P. and A. P. Siebesma. 1997. A model for strong updrafts in the convective
boundary layer. In Proceedings of the 12th Symposium on Boundary Layers and
Turbulence. Vancouver BC, pp. 258–260.
van Zanten, M. 2000. Entrainment processes in stratocumulus. PhD thesis. University of
Utrecht, the Netherlands, 139pp.
Wang, S. and B. A. Albrecht. 1990. A mean-gradient model of the dry convective boundary
layer. J. Atmos. Sci. 47:126–138.
Wang, S. and B. Stevens. 2000. On top-hat representations of turbulence statistics in cloudtopped boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci. 57:423–441.
Warner, J. 1970. On steady-state one dimensional models of cumulus convection. J. Atmos.
Sci. 27:1035–1040.
Warner, J. 1977. Time variation of updrafts and water content in small cumulus clouds. J.
Atmos. Sci. 34:1306–1312.
Willimason, D. L., J. T. Kiehl, V. Ramanathan, R. E. Dockinson, and J. J. Hack. 1987.
Description of NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1), NCAR Tech. Note, NCAR/
TN-285+STR.
Wyngaard, J. C. 1998. Convection viewed from a turbulence perspective. In Buoyant
Convection in Geophysical Flows, eds. E. J. Plate et al., Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 23–39.
Wyngaard, J. C. and C.-H. Moeng. 1992. Parameterizing turbulent diffusion through the joint
probability density. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 60:1630–1649.
Yanai, M., S. Esbensen, and J. Chu. 1973. Determination of bulk properties of tropical cloud
clusters from large-scale heat and moisture budgets. J. Atmos. Sci. 30:611–627.
Young, G. 1988a. Turbulence structure of the convective boundary layer. Part I: Variability of
normalized statistics. J. Atmos. Sci. 45:719–726.
Young, G. 1988b. Turbulence structure of the convective boundary layer. Part II: Phoenix 78
aircraft observations of thermals and their environment. J. Atmos. Sci. 45:727–735.
Young, G. 1988c. Turbulence structure of the convective boundary layer. Part III: The vertical
velocity budgets of thermals and their environment. J. Atmos. Sci. 45:2039–2049.
© 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC