Biodegradable Pesticides in Public Health Entomology
227
orescent antibody staining, pennits fairly rapid detection of R. rickettsii in ticks
and prediction of the possible occurrence of a spotted fever case. As pointed out
by Burgdorfer (1975), however, "such techniques are of little help where the
public and physicians are unaware of the disease and the potential danger of
ticks." An educational program initiated in South Carolina in 1973 received an
overwhelming response from the public and the medical profession (Burgdorfer
et al., 1975). Information was distributed via pamphlets, newspaper releases,
and educational television and radio programs. In addition, the general public
and the medical profession were invited to submit for examination live ticks
collected from vegetation, animals, and humans. The distributed card containing
shipping instructions also contained information on early clinical signs suggestive
of spotted fever. As a result of this program, a total of 1186 ticks were submitted
during 1973 and 1974. A more comprehensive educational program was initiated
in 1974 by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control
(Loving et al., 1978). The volume of ticks submitted soon made it necessary
to restrict examination to ticks removed only from people. As a result of the
South Carolina programs, Burgdorfer et al. (1975) state that education is by far
the best means of preventing spotted fever.
REFERENCES
Akhtar, R., and Leannonth, A., 1977, The resurgence of malaria in India 1965-76, Geojournal
1:69. (Additional infonnation in Abst. Rev. Appl. Entomol. Ser. B 66:371, 1978.)
Anderson, J. R., 1965, A preliminary study of integrated fiy control on northern California poultry
ranches, Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 33:42.
Anthony, D. W., Savage, K. E., and Weidhaas, D. E., 1972, Nosematosis: Its effect on Anopheles
albimanus Weidemann and a population model of its relation to malaria transmission, Proc.
Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 39:428.
Anthony, D. W., Lotzhar, M. D., and Avery, S. W., 1978, Fecundity and longevity of Anopheles
albimanus exposed at each larval instar to spores of Nosema algerae, Mosq. News 38:116.
Axtell, R. C., 1966, Comparative toxicities of insecticides to house fiy larvae and Macrocheles
muscaedomesticae, a mite predator of the house fiy, J. Econ. Entomol. 59:1128.
Axtell, R. C., 1968, Integrated house fiy control: Populations of fiy larvae and predaceous mites,
Macrocheles muscaedomesticae in poultry manure after larvicide treatment, J. Econ. Entomol.
61:245.
Axtell, R. C., 1970a, Integrated fiy-control program for caged-poultry houses, J. Econ. Entomol.
63:400.
Axtell, R. C., 1970b, Fly control in caged-poultry houses: Comparison oflarviciding and integrated
control programs, J. Econ. Entomol. 63:1734.
Axtell, R. C., and Edwards, T. D., 1970, HermetitJ illucens control in poultry manure by larviciding,
J. Econ. Entomol. 63:1786.
Barlow, F., Hadaway, A. B., Flower, L. S., Grose, J. E. H., and Turner, C. R., 1977, Some
laboratory investigations relevant to the possible use of new pyrethroids in control of mosquitoes
and tsetse fiies, Pestic. Sci. 8:291.
227
orescent antibody staining, pennits fairly rapid detection of R. rickettsii in ticks
and prediction of the possible occurrence of a spotted fever case. As pointed out
by Burgdorfer (1975), however, "such techniques are of little help where the
public and physicians are unaware of the disease and the potential danger of
ticks." An educational program initiated in South Carolina in 1973 received an
overwhelming response from the public and the medical profession (Burgdorfer
et al., 1975). Information was distributed via pamphlets, newspaper releases,
and educational television and radio programs. In addition, the general public
and the medical profession were invited to submit for examination live ticks
collected from vegetation, animals, and humans. The distributed card containing
shipping instructions also contained information on early clinical signs suggestive
of spotted fever. As a result of this program, a total of 1186 ticks were submitted
during 1973 and 1974. A more comprehensive educational program was initiated
in 1974 by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control
(Loving et al., 1978). The volume of ticks submitted soon made it necessary
to restrict examination to ticks removed only from people. As a result of the
South Carolina programs, Burgdorfer et al. (1975) state that education is by far
the best means of preventing spotted fever.
REFERENCES
Akhtar, R., and Leannonth, A., 1977, The resurgence of malaria in India 1965-76, Geojournal
1:69. (Additional infonnation in Abst. Rev. Appl. Entomol. Ser. B 66:371, 1978.)
Anderson, J. R., 1965, A preliminary study of integrated fiy control on northern California poultry
ranches, Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 33:42.
Anthony, D. W., Savage, K. E., and Weidhaas, D. E., 1972, Nosematosis: Its effect on Anopheles
albimanus Weidemann and a population model of its relation to malaria transmission, Proc.
Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 39:428.
Anthony, D. W., Lotzhar, M. D., and Avery, S. W., 1978, Fecundity and longevity of Anopheles
albimanus exposed at each larval instar to spores of Nosema algerae, Mosq. News 38:116.
Axtell, R. C., 1966, Comparative toxicities of insecticides to house fiy larvae and Macrocheles
muscaedomesticae, a mite predator of the house fiy, J. Econ. Entomol. 59:1128.
Axtell, R. C., 1968, Integrated house fiy control: Populations of fiy larvae and predaceous mites,
Macrocheles muscaedomesticae in poultry manure after larvicide treatment, J. Econ. Entomol.
61:245.
Axtell, R. C., 1970a, Integrated fiy-control program for caged-poultry houses, J. Econ. Entomol.
63:400.
Axtell, R. C., 1970b, Fly control in caged-poultry houses: Comparison oflarviciding and integrated
control programs, J. Econ. Entomol. 63:1734.
Axtell, R. C., and Edwards, T. D., 1970, HermetitJ illucens control in poultry manure by larviciding,
J. Econ. Entomol. 63:1786.
Barlow, F., Hadaway, A. B., Flower, L. S., Grose, J. E. H., and Turner, C. R., 1977, Some
laboratory investigations relevant to the possible use of new pyrethroids in control of mosquitoes
and tsetse fiies, Pestic. Sci. 8:291.