Biodegradable Pesticides in Public Health Entomology
213
Romanomermis muspratti, which unlike R. culicivorax is active in polluted
waters, holds special promise for use against C./atigans (Muspratt, 1963, 1965).
Data by Winner and Steelman (1978) indicate that insecticide application
would have to be carefully monitored in integrated programs involving R. culicivorax. Dosage mortality data showed that infective stage nematodes could not
survive concentrations equivalent to that in a I-square-acre body of water 0.15
m in depth treated at the maximum rate on the insecticide label for naled and
chlorpyrifos. Under these conditions, however, fenthion, malathion, temephos,
propoxur, diflubenzuron, and methoprene would have no adverse effect on the
motility of the preparasites, nor would there be any adverse effect on the egg
or postparasitic stages. Although viable postparasites were recovered from infected larvae that had received a lethal concentration of insecticide, insect growth
regulators (IGRs) such as methoprene and diflubenzuron have an advantage in
this respect in that they tend to increase duration of the larval period, thus
allowing more postparasitic stage nematodes to emerge.
8.7. INSECTICIDES FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL
Table 8.2 includes most of the EPA-registered insecticides for mosquito
control in the United States. These insecticides are also, with the exception of
some used as interior wall sprays, the major insecticides available for use elsewhere.
8.7.1. Conventional Larvicides
As larvicides, temephos (Abate) and chlorpyrifos (Dursban) have been tested
widely and have proven effective under a variety of conditions (Table 8.5), with
chlorpyrifos being especially effective in waters of high organic pollution. Temephos, on the other hand, has increasingly become the insecticide of choice
in aquatic environments where nontarget organisms are of concern, because of
its relative safety to these organisms (Cooney and Pickard, 1974; Frank and
Sjogren, 1978; see former for additional references) as well as to humans,
domestic animals, and fish. Glancey et al. (1968) observed more than 34 weeks
of complete control of Ae. aegypti with both emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and
granular formulations of temephos at 1 ppm in concrete water jars in Thailand.
Chlorpyrifos EC at 1 ppm provided only 4-5 weeks of control in these tests. In
India, temephos at 1 ppm in water containers (drinking water containers were
not treated) gave control for 8-12 weeks in an isolated test area and for 4-6
weeks in an area subject to infiltration (Geevarghese et al., 1977). Against
floodwater Aedes, Cooney and Pickard (1974) obtained from more than 11 days
213
Romanomermis muspratti, which unlike R. culicivorax is active in polluted
waters, holds special promise for use against C./atigans (Muspratt, 1963, 1965).
Data by Winner and Steelman (1978) indicate that insecticide application
would have to be carefully monitored in integrated programs involving R. culicivorax. Dosage mortality data showed that infective stage nematodes could not
survive concentrations equivalent to that in a I-square-acre body of water 0.15
m in depth treated at the maximum rate on the insecticide label for naled and
chlorpyrifos. Under these conditions, however, fenthion, malathion, temephos,
propoxur, diflubenzuron, and methoprene would have no adverse effect on the
motility of the preparasites, nor would there be any adverse effect on the egg
or postparasitic stages. Although viable postparasites were recovered from infected larvae that had received a lethal concentration of insecticide, insect growth
regulators (IGRs) such as methoprene and diflubenzuron have an advantage in
this respect in that they tend to increase duration of the larval period, thus
allowing more postparasitic stage nematodes to emerge.
8.7. INSECTICIDES FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL
Table 8.2 includes most of the EPA-registered insecticides for mosquito
control in the United States. These insecticides are also, with the exception of
some used as interior wall sprays, the major insecticides available for use elsewhere.
8.7.1. Conventional Larvicides
As larvicides, temephos (Abate) and chlorpyrifos (Dursban) have been tested
widely and have proven effective under a variety of conditions (Table 8.5), with
chlorpyrifos being especially effective in waters of high organic pollution. Temephos, on the other hand, has increasingly become the insecticide of choice
in aquatic environments where nontarget organisms are of concern, because of
its relative safety to these organisms (Cooney and Pickard, 1974; Frank and
Sjogren, 1978; see former for additional references) as well as to humans,
domestic animals, and fish. Glancey et al. (1968) observed more than 34 weeks
of complete control of Ae. aegypti with both emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and
granular formulations of temephos at 1 ppm in concrete water jars in Thailand.
Chlorpyrifos EC at 1 ppm provided only 4-5 weeks of control in these tests. In
India, temephos at 1 ppm in water containers (drinking water containers were
not treated) gave control for 8-12 weeks in an isolated test area and for 4-6
weeks in an area subject to infiltration (Geevarghese et al., 1977). Against
floodwater Aedes, Cooney and Pickard (1974) obtained from more than 11 days