180
Carl E. Crisp
eastern hardwood species has been evaluated (Pomber et al., 1973, 1974a,b,
1975a,b,1976;Prasad, 1977; Prasad and Moody, 1974, 1976). It has some xylem
mobility, but its potential as a systemic seems limited. Fenitrothion accumulates
in the cuticular layers of conifer needles. Additional data related to the translocation of fenitrothion can be found in reports by Hallett et al. (1973, 1974,
1975) and Weinberger et al. (1978a-c).
7.8. TRENDS IN FOREST PEST MANAGEMENT
Chemical insecticides will probably always be used in forest insect pest
management. Resistance to insecticides as described by Luck et al. (1977) is
not likely to develop in forest insect pests because the genetic stress is low.
Biological control and third-generation pesticides (noncholinergic) will be developed and used in forestry. As environmental risk assessment increases the
cost of insecticide R&D, the search for and registration of new insecticides will
most likely become prohibitive. In the future, the concepts of biological controls
in the broadest sense will undoubtedly play a prominent role in integrated pest
management programs and at the same time become more competitive with
insecticides in the marketplace (Holcomb, 1970).
Current research emphasis in forest pest management by the CANUSA program (CANUSA. 1979; USDA, 1977b) shows a greater emphasis on silviculture,
biological control, and third-generation insecticides than in previous programs.
Future trends will probably concentrate on detecting and treating epicenters (areas
that support rapid population growth of key insects) early in the outbreak (Sanders, 1976). Understanding the basic causes of epicenter development may be at
the very foundation of future suppression programs. The epicenter theory, if it
is valid, would be ideal for use of pheromones, epizootics, and viruses in a pest
suppression program.
The application of biodegradable insecticides to forest pest management
problems is based on an in-depth R&D program ranging from basic research in
the laboratory and field, which provides supporting data for registration of new
and some selected old insecticides for forest pests, and concomitantly, a better
understanding of the ecological factors involved in forest pest management.
Perhaps the biggest emphasis will be in the use and acceptance of new strategies
for forest insect control, where sophisticated combinations of silvicultural, biological, and insecticide practices will be applied. Concomitantly the hazards
and undue risk to the environment must not be overlooked and more recently
have received major attention in the testing protocol of new insecticides in North
America (Buckner et al., 1976).
Carl E. Crisp
eastern hardwood species has been evaluated (Pomber et al., 1973, 1974a,b,
1975a,b,1976;Prasad, 1977; Prasad and Moody, 1974, 1976). It has some xylem
mobility, but its potential as a systemic seems limited. Fenitrothion accumulates
in the cuticular layers of conifer needles. Additional data related to the translocation of fenitrothion can be found in reports by Hallett et al. (1973, 1974,
1975) and Weinberger et al. (1978a-c).
7.8. TRENDS IN FOREST PEST MANAGEMENT
Chemical insecticides will probably always be used in forest insect pest
management. Resistance to insecticides as described by Luck et al. (1977) is
not likely to develop in forest insect pests because the genetic stress is low.
Biological control and third-generation pesticides (noncholinergic) will be developed and used in forestry. As environmental risk assessment increases the
cost of insecticide R&D, the search for and registration of new insecticides will
most likely become prohibitive. In the future, the concepts of biological controls
in the broadest sense will undoubtedly play a prominent role in integrated pest
management programs and at the same time become more competitive with
insecticides in the marketplace (Holcomb, 1970).
Current research emphasis in forest pest management by the CANUSA program (CANUSA. 1979; USDA, 1977b) shows a greater emphasis on silviculture,
biological control, and third-generation insecticides than in previous programs.
Future trends will probably concentrate on detecting and treating epicenters (areas
that support rapid population growth of key insects) early in the outbreak (Sanders, 1976). Understanding the basic causes of epicenter development may be at
the very foundation of future suppression programs. The epicenter theory, if it
is valid, would be ideal for use of pheromones, epizootics, and viruses in a pest
suppression program.
The application of biodegradable insecticides to forest pest management
problems is based on an in-depth R&D program ranging from basic research in
the laboratory and field, which provides supporting data for registration of new
and some selected old insecticides for forest pests, and concomitantly, a better
understanding of the ecological factors involved in forest pest management.
Perhaps the biggest emphasis will be in the use and acceptance of new strategies
for forest insect control, where sophisticated combinations of silvicultural, biological, and insecticide practices will be applied. Concomitantly the hazards
and undue risk to the environment must not be overlooked and more recently
have received major attention in the testing protocol of new insecticides in North
America (Buckner et al., 1976).