Biodegradable Insecticides in Forestry
175
7.6.3.1. Hydraulic Applications with Backpack Mistblower
Single trees infested with Douglas fir tussock moth larvae were sprayed
with 15 insecticides at three different application rates using a backpack mistblower. Results permitted the establishment of a dosage range than could be
ascertained from potted trees in greenhouse studies (Markin and Wilcox, 1977).
Concentrations greater than 250 ppm were effective.
Acephate was evaluated on individual trees infested with western spruce
budworm by using a gasoline-powered backpack sprayer (Brewer and O'Neal,
1977). The evaluation considered mortality inside needles and emerging buds,
and the degree of defoliation. Mortality of early instars was high, and the data
suggest that acephate has some type of systemic action that can protect new
growth from defoliation.
Ground applications to control western spruce budworm in a tree plantation
confirmed the potted-tree studies (Richmond et al., 1978). Ground tests conducted in New Mexico to reduce a heavy infestation of Douglas fir tussock moth
on Douglas fir and white fir trees showed that acephate treatments with concentrations of 0.5 lb active ingredient per 100 gal were effective in reducing larval
populations (Linane, 1978).
7.6.3.2. Hydraulic Application with Tractor-Mounted Equipment
Tractor-mounted hydraulic equipment for application of UL V dosages to
individual trees was successful (Morris, 1976) in evaluating insecticides to control cottonwood leaf beetle with malathion and chlorpyrifos. Results confirmed
the laboratory findings of an earlier report (Page and Lyon, 1975).
7.6.3.3. Airport Tests
A novel application strategy using aerial application and potted trees placed
at lO-ft intervals across the spray swath at an airport yielded useful information
for improving aerial application techniques (Maksymiuk and Orchard, 1974).
Sprayed trees were bioassayed with insect larvae to determine effectiveness of
the aerial application.
7.6.3.4. Simulated Aerial Applications
Simulated aerial tests can be conducted with single trees (Hopewell and
Nigam, 1974). The simulator is engineered to contain conventional aircraft spray
equipment (e.g., nozzles and formulation delivery system) in a portable shelter
that can be easily transported and placed over a single tree. The efficacy of
acephate, phoxim, and fenitrothion was tested with the simulator and produced
175
7.6.3.1. Hydraulic Applications with Backpack Mistblower
Single trees infested with Douglas fir tussock moth larvae were sprayed
with 15 insecticides at three different application rates using a backpack mistblower. Results permitted the establishment of a dosage range than could be
ascertained from potted trees in greenhouse studies (Markin and Wilcox, 1977).
Concentrations greater than 250 ppm were effective.
Acephate was evaluated on individual trees infested with western spruce
budworm by using a gasoline-powered backpack sprayer (Brewer and O'Neal,
1977). The evaluation considered mortality inside needles and emerging buds,
and the degree of defoliation. Mortality of early instars was high, and the data
suggest that acephate has some type of systemic action that can protect new
growth from defoliation.
Ground applications to control western spruce budworm in a tree plantation
confirmed the potted-tree studies (Richmond et al., 1978). Ground tests conducted in New Mexico to reduce a heavy infestation of Douglas fir tussock moth
on Douglas fir and white fir trees showed that acephate treatments with concentrations of 0.5 lb active ingredient per 100 gal were effective in reducing larval
populations (Linane, 1978).
7.6.3.2. Hydraulic Application with Tractor-Mounted Equipment
Tractor-mounted hydraulic equipment for application of UL V dosages to
individual trees was successful (Morris, 1976) in evaluating insecticides to control cottonwood leaf beetle with malathion and chlorpyrifos. Results confirmed
the laboratory findings of an earlier report (Page and Lyon, 1975).
7.6.3.3. Airport Tests
A novel application strategy using aerial application and potted trees placed
at lO-ft intervals across the spray swath at an airport yielded useful information
for improving aerial application techniques (Maksymiuk and Orchard, 1974).
Sprayed trees were bioassayed with insect larvae to determine effectiveness of
the aerial application.
7.6.3.4. Simulated Aerial Applications
Simulated aerial tests can be conducted with single trees (Hopewell and
Nigam, 1974). The simulator is engineered to contain conventional aircraft spray
equipment (e.g., nozzles and formulation delivery system) in a portable shelter
that can be easily transported and placed over a single tree. The efficacy of
acephate, phoxim, and fenitrothion was tested with the simulator and produced