xiv
Contents
9.4.
Alternative Chemical Control Techniques ................... 247
9.4.1. Compounds That Affect Insect Development. ........ 249
9.4.2. Compounds That Affect Insect Behavior ............ 250
9.5.
Conclusion ............................................ 252
References ............................................ 253
Chapter 10
Application of Biodegradable Pesticides in India
C. R. Krishna Murti and T. S. S. Dikshith
10.1.
10.2.
10.3.
10.4.
10.5.
10.6.
10.7.
10.8.
10.9.
10.10.
Introduction ........................................... 257
The Pesticide Industry in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
10.2.1. Consumption of Pesticides in India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
10.2.2. Development of Process Technology
within the Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Biodegradation of Pesticides by Microorganisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Insecticides of Plant Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Farm Management and Metabolism ........................ 271
10.5.1. Organophosphorus Compounds .................... 271
10.5.2. Organochlorine Insecticides ....................... 272
10.5.3. Carbamate Compounds .......................... 274
10.5.4. Fungicides, Herbicides, and Fumigants ............. 275
Postharvest Storage ..................................... 277
Bioefficacy and Residue Effects of Pesticides ................ 281
Pesticides in Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Safety Evaluation Studies ................................ 284
10.9.1. Toxicity to Fish ................................ 284
10.9.2. Toxicity to Wildlife ............................. 286
10.9.3. Toxicity to Animals ............................. 287
10.9.4. Toxicity to Man ................................ 291
Future Perspectives ..................................... 293
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 294
Index ........................................................ 307
Contents
9.4.
Alternative Chemical Control Techniques ................... 247
9.4.1. Compounds That Affect Insect Development. ........ 249
9.4.2. Compounds That Affect Insect Behavior ............ 250
9.5.
Conclusion ............................................ 252
References ............................................ 253
Chapter 10
Application of Biodegradable Pesticides in India
C. R. Krishna Murti and T. S. S. Dikshith
10.1.
10.2.
10.3.
10.4.
10.5.
10.6.
10.7.
10.8.
10.9.
10.10.
Introduction ........................................... 257
The Pesticide Industry in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
10.2.1. Consumption of Pesticides in India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
10.2.2. Development of Process Technology
within the Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Biodegradation of Pesticides by Microorganisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Insecticides of Plant Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Farm Management and Metabolism ........................ 271
10.5.1. Organophosphorus Compounds .................... 271
10.5.2. Organochlorine Insecticides ....................... 272
10.5.3. Carbamate Compounds .......................... 274
10.5.4. Fungicides, Herbicides, and Fumigants ............. 275
Postharvest Storage ..................................... 277
Bioefficacy and Residue Effects of Pesticides ................ 281
Pesticides in Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Safety Evaluation Studies ................................ 284
10.9.1. Toxicity to Fish ................................ 284
10.9.2. Toxicity to Wildlife ............................. 286
10.9.3. Toxicity to Animals ............................. 287
10.9.4. Toxicity to Man ................................ 291
Future Perspectives ..................................... 293
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 294
Index ........................................................ 307