xii
Contents
5.3.
Degradation ........................................... 123
5.3.1. Biodegradation ................................. 124
5.3.2. Nonbiodegradation .............................. 126
5.4.
Man's Activities ........................................ 126
5.5.
Conclusion ............................................ 128
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 129
Chapter 6
Biodegradation of Agricultural Fungicides
Hugh D. Sisler
6.1.
Introduction ........................................... 133
6.2.
Toxicity of Fungicides to Nontarget Organisms ............... 134
6.3.
Stability of Fungicides ................................... 135
6.4.
Biodegradation of Selected Fungicides ...................... 136
6.4.1. Triphenyltins ................................... 136
6.4.2. PCNB (Terraclor, Quintozene) .................... 137
6.4.3. Dithiocarbamates ............................... 138
6.4.4. Substituted Phthalimides ......................... 142
6.4.5. Chloroneb ..................................... 145
6.4.6. Benzimidazoles ................................. 146
6.5.
Effect of Fungicides on Pesticide Degradation ................ 149
6.6.
Summary and Conclusions ............................... 150
References ............................................ 151
Chapter 7
Biodegradable Insecticides: Their Application in Forestry
Carl E. Crisp
7.1.
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7.2.
Need for Insecticides .................................... 159
7.3.
Use of DDT: 1945-1974 ................................. 161
7.4.
Alternatives to DDT and Other Insecticides .................. 162
7.5.
Insecticide Evaluation Research ........................... 165
7.6.
TestingProtocol ........................................ 167
7.6.1. Laboratory Testing and Evaluation ................. 168
7.6.2. Bioassay Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 174
7.6.3. Individual Tree Evaluations ....................... 174
7.6.4. Field Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 176
7.7.
Systemic Insecticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 178