128
M. Hempel and I. Thoeming
these are only time-limited solutions. There is still a lack of methods to prove
long-term stability of immobilized materials. So we have to take into account that
environmental changes, e.g. of the pH, redox or salt concentration, may
remobilize the mercury. A future cleanup after immobilization could be more
expensive, if not impossible, due to the added immobilizing chemicals.
References
Anonymous (1991) Verfahren zum Reinigen kontaminierter Erdmassen und Vorrichtung zur
Durchfiihrung des Verfahrens. Ger OtTen DE 39 31 017
Aqua Control (1992) Sanierung quecksilberbelasteter Standorte. Information by aqua control WiehlOberbantenberg, Germany
Bachmann A (1993) Soil remediation at Schweizerhalle - a case study. In: Eijsackers IIIP lIamers T
(ed) Integrated soil and sediment research: a basis for proper protection. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp
695-712
Ball DI., Boateng DAD (1991) Method for the recovery of mercury from mercury-containing material.
US Patent 5,013,358
Ballester A, Otero E, Gonzalez I' (1988) Mercury extraction from cinnabar ores using hydrobromic
acid. lIydrometallurgy 21:127-143
Barkay T, Saouter E, Turner RR (1995) Microbial activities for the bioremediation of mercury
contamination. Pwc of the 2nd SETAC World Congr, 5-9 Nov 1995, Vancouver, Canada, 81 pp
Behrends W, I.orenz I (1989) Verfahren zur Dekontaminierung e1ementares Quecksilber enthaltener
Biiden. Ger Offen DE 3814684
Bernecker G, Ratzel G (1988) Verfahren zur destillativen Reinigung quecksilberhaltiger StotTe und/
oder Stoffgemische und/oder zur Gewinnung von Quecksilber und Vorrichtung zur Durchfiihrung
des Verfahrens. Deutsches Patentamt DE 38 16 282 CI
Beyer K, Krauss R, I'atrzek I' (1990) Dekontaminationsverfahren fiir schwermetallverunreinigte
Biiden, speziell fiir Quecksilber. Ger Patent DE 3312986 C2
Biilsing I' (1993) Verfestigen. In: Weber IIH, Neumaier II (eds) Altlasten. Springer, Berlin lleidelberg
New York, pp 279-299
Brown D, Carlson AR (1973) Process for preparing elemental mercury. US Patent 3,732,094
Brunke M, Deckwer WD, Frischmuth A, Horn 1M, I.iinsdorf II, Rohde M, Rohricht M, Timmis KN,
Weppen P (1993) Microbial retention of mercury from waste streams in a laboratory column
containing merA-gene bacteria. I'EMS Microbiol Rev 11:145-152
Chemical Waste Management Inc (1992) X TRAX thermal desorption. The Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation Program: Technology Profile, 5th edn. EPA/540/R-92/077 Nov 1992, pp 66-67
Cox CD, Shoesmith MA, (ihosh MM (1996) Electrokinetic remediation of mercury-contaminated soils
using iodine/iodide lixiviant. Environ Sci Technol 30(6):1933-1938
Dagidian IV, Stolz CA (1996) High vacuum temperature thermal desorption-remediation of mercuryimpacted soil. Proc of the Int Conf on Incineration and thermal treatment technologies; 6-10 May
1996, Savannah, Georgia, pp 207-212
Doering 1', Decristofero P (1990) Verfahren zum Dekontaminieren eines schadstoftbelasteten
Erdbodenreiches. Ger Patent DE 39 20 342
I'ortmann I, lahns P (1993) Thermische Behandlung. In: Weber 1111, Neumaier II (eds) Altlasten.
Springer, Berlin lIeidelberg New York, pp 209-239
I'oust DF (1994) Extraction of mercury compounds from contaminated material and solutions. Int
Appl WO 94/009167, PCT
I'underburk R, de Percin P (1992) Dechlorination and immobilization. The Supertillld Innovative
Technology Evaluation Program: Technology Profile 5th edn. EPA/540/R-92/077 Nov 1992, pp 92-93
(ironholz C (1992) Neu entwickelte Technologie zur Quecksilberentfernung aus Boden und Schlamm.
In: Franzius V (ed) Sanierung kontaminierter Standorte 1992 Abfallwirtsch Forsch Praxis 52 (Berl)
213-220
M. Hempel and I. Thoeming
these are only time-limited solutions. There is still a lack of methods to prove
long-term stability of immobilized materials. So we have to take into account that
environmental changes, e.g. of the pH, redox or salt concentration, may
remobilize the mercury. A future cleanup after immobilization could be more
expensive, if not impossible, due to the added immobilizing chemicals.
References
Anonymous (1991) Verfahren zum Reinigen kontaminierter Erdmassen und Vorrichtung zur
Durchfiihrung des Verfahrens. Ger OtTen DE 39 31 017
Aqua Control (1992) Sanierung quecksilberbelasteter Standorte. Information by aqua control WiehlOberbantenberg, Germany
Bachmann A (1993) Soil remediation at Schweizerhalle - a case study. In: Eijsackers IIIP lIamers T
(ed) Integrated soil and sediment research: a basis for proper protection. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp
695-712
Ball DI., Boateng DAD (1991) Method for the recovery of mercury from mercury-containing material.
US Patent 5,013,358
Ballester A, Otero E, Gonzalez I' (1988) Mercury extraction from cinnabar ores using hydrobromic
acid. lIydrometallurgy 21:127-143
Barkay T, Saouter E, Turner RR (1995) Microbial activities for the bioremediation of mercury
contamination. Pwc of the 2nd SETAC World Congr, 5-9 Nov 1995, Vancouver, Canada, 81 pp
Behrends W, I.orenz I (1989) Verfahren zur Dekontaminierung e1ementares Quecksilber enthaltener
Biiden. Ger Offen DE 3814684
Bernecker G, Ratzel G (1988) Verfahren zur destillativen Reinigung quecksilberhaltiger StotTe und/
oder Stoffgemische und/oder zur Gewinnung von Quecksilber und Vorrichtung zur Durchfiihrung
des Verfahrens. Deutsches Patentamt DE 38 16 282 CI
Beyer K, Krauss R, I'atrzek I' (1990) Dekontaminationsverfahren fiir schwermetallverunreinigte
Biiden, speziell fiir Quecksilber. Ger Patent DE 3312986 C2
Biilsing I' (1993) Verfestigen. In: Weber IIH, Neumaier II (eds) Altlasten. Springer, Berlin lleidelberg
New York, pp 279-299
Brown D, Carlson AR (1973) Process for preparing elemental mercury. US Patent 3,732,094
Brunke M, Deckwer WD, Frischmuth A, Horn 1M, I.iinsdorf II, Rohde M, Rohricht M, Timmis KN,
Weppen P (1993) Microbial retention of mercury from waste streams in a laboratory column
containing merA-gene bacteria. I'EMS Microbiol Rev 11:145-152
Chemical Waste Management Inc (1992) X TRAX thermal desorption. The Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation Program: Technology Profile, 5th edn. EPA/540/R-92/077 Nov 1992, pp 66-67
Cox CD, Shoesmith MA, (ihosh MM (1996) Electrokinetic remediation of mercury-contaminated soils
using iodine/iodide lixiviant. Environ Sci Technol 30(6):1933-1938
Dagidian IV, Stolz CA (1996) High vacuum temperature thermal desorption-remediation of mercuryimpacted soil. Proc of the Int Conf on Incineration and thermal treatment technologies; 6-10 May
1996, Savannah, Georgia, pp 207-212
Doering 1', Decristofero P (1990) Verfahren zum Dekontaminieren eines schadstoftbelasteten
Erdbodenreiches. Ger Patent DE 39 20 342
I'ortmann I, lahns P (1993) Thermische Behandlung. In: Weber 1111, Neumaier II (eds) Altlasten.
Springer, Berlin lIeidelberg New York, pp 209-239
I'oust DF (1994) Extraction of mercury compounds from contaminated material and solutions. Int
Appl WO 94/009167, PCT
I'underburk R, de Percin P (1992) Dechlorination and immobilization. The Supertillld Innovative
Technology Evaluation Program: Technology Profile 5th edn. EPA/540/R-92/077 Nov 1992, pp 92-93
(ironholz C (1992) Neu entwickelte Technologie zur Quecksilberentfernung aus Boden und Schlamm.
In: Franzius V (ed) Sanierung kontaminierter Standorte 1992 Abfallwirtsch Forsch Praxis 52 (Berl)
213-220