The Light Environment of Plant Canopies
cylinders for row crops or regularly spaced spheres for an orchard) and
added to the inversion process (Welles, 1990).
Indirect methods exist to estimate L, and x for a wide variety of homogeneous and heterogeneous canopies including prairies, row crops,
deciduous, and coniferous forests. Even though direct destructive measurements remain the reference standards for evaluating the accuracy of
indirect methods, indirect measurements are faster, easier, and provide
better spatial sampling.
The indirect sensing of canopy architecture provides an example of
how an improved understanding of the fundamentals of radiative exchange in vegetation has provided a solution to the practical problem
of characterizing plant canopies.
References
Anderson, M. C., J.M. Norman, G.R. Diak, W.P. Kustas, and J.R.
Mecikalski (1997) A two-source time-integrated model for estimating surface fluxes using thermal infrared remote sensing. Remote
Sensing of Environment 60: 195-2 16.
Campbell, G. S. (1986) Extinction coefficients for radiation in plant
canopies calculated using an ellipsoidal inclination angle distribution. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 36:3 17-321.
Campbell, G.S. (1990) Derivation of an angle density function for
canopies with ellipsoidal leaf angle distributions. Agricultural and
Forest Meteorology 49: 173-176
Campbell, G. S. and F. K. van Evert (1994) Light interception by plant
canopies: efficiency and architecture. In J. L. Monteith, R. K. Scott,
and M. H. Unsworth, Resource Capture by Crops. Nottingham
University Press.
Carlson, T,N., W.J. Capehart, and R.R. Gillies (1995) A new look at the
simplified method for remote sensing of daily evapotranspiration.
Remote Sensing of Environment 54: 16 1- 1 67.
Chen, J.M. 1996. Optically-based methods for measuring seasonal variation of leaf area index in boreal conifer stands. Agricultural and
Forest Meteorology 80: 135-163.
Fassnacht, K.S., S.T. Gower, J.M. Norman, and R.E. McMurtrie (1994)
A comparison of optical and direct methods for estimating foliage
surface area index in forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
71:183-207.
Fuchs. M., G. Stanhill, and S. Moreshet (1976) Effect of increasing foliage and soil reflectivity on the solar radiation balance of wide-row
sorghum. Agronomy Journal 68:865-871.
Goudriaan, J. (1977) Crop micrometeorology: a simulation study.
Simulation Monographs, Pudoc, Wageningen.
Goudriaan, J. (1988) The bare bones of leaf-angle distribution in radiation models for canopy photosynthesis and energy exchange.
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 43: 155-1 69.
cylinders for row crops or regularly spaced spheres for an orchard) and
added to the inversion process (Welles, 1990).
Indirect methods exist to estimate L, and x for a wide variety of homogeneous and heterogeneous canopies including prairies, row crops,
deciduous, and coniferous forests. Even though direct destructive measurements remain the reference standards for evaluating the accuracy of
indirect methods, indirect measurements are faster, easier, and provide
better spatial sampling.
The indirect sensing of canopy architecture provides an example of
how an improved understanding of the fundamentals of radiative exchange in vegetation has provided a solution to the practical problem
of characterizing plant canopies.
References
Anderson, M. C., J.M. Norman, G.R. Diak, W.P. Kustas, and J.R.
Mecikalski (1997) A two-source time-integrated model for estimating surface fluxes using thermal infrared remote sensing. Remote
Sensing of Environment 60: 195-2 16.
Campbell, G. S. (1986) Extinction coefficients for radiation in plant
canopies calculated using an ellipsoidal inclination angle distribution. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 36:3 17-321.
Campbell, G.S. (1990) Derivation of an angle density function for
canopies with ellipsoidal leaf angle distributions. Agricultural and
Forest Meteorology 49: 173-176
Campbell, G. S. and F. K. van Evert (1994) Light interception by plant
canopies: efficiency and architecture. In J. L. Monteith, R. K. Scott,
and M. H. Unsworth, Resource Capture by Crops. Nottingham
University Press.
Carlson, T,N., W.J. Capehart, and R.R. Gillies (1995) A new look at the
simplified method for remote sensing of daily evapotranspiration.
Remote Sensing of Environment 54: 16 1- 1 67.
Chen, J.M. 1996. Optically-based methods for measuring seasonal variation of leaf area index in boreal conifer stands. Agricultural and
Forest Meteorology 80: 135-163.
Fassnacht, K.S., S.T. Gower, J.M. Norman, and R.E. McMurtrie (1994)
A comparison of optical and direct methods for estimating foliage
surface area index in forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
71:183-207.
Fuchs. M., G. Stanhill, and S. Moreshet (1976) Effect of increasing foliage and soil reflectivity on the solar radiation balance of wide-row
sorghum. Agronomy Journal 68:865-871.
Goudriaan, J. (1977) Crop micrometeorology: a simulation study.
Simulation Monographs, Pudoc, Wageningen.
Goudriaan, J. (1988) The bare bones of leaf-angle distribution in radiation models for canopy photosynthesis and energy exchange.
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 43: 155-1 69.