References
245
for compass grass are during morning and evening hours when vapor
deficits are low, so the carbon gain per unit water loss is therefore high.
Carbon gain was shown to be similar for all leaf orientations, but water
use efficiency is higher for their preferred orientation.
The interactions between plants and their environment can be extremely complex. We have shown that even the behavior of the leaf
temperature and transpiration models is not always intuitive or straightforward. When these are combined with the leaf photosynthesis model,
and all of the interactions are in place, the result can be quite complex and
difficult to predict. This appears, however, to be a fruitful area for research.
The results of the work are not only useful for understanding plant adaptations to particular environments, but also to design agricultural plants
for optimum production in particular environments.
References
Allen, R. G., M. Smith, A. Perrier, and L. S. Pereira (1994) An update for
the definition of reference evapotranspiration. ICID Bulletin 43: 192.
Collatz, C. J., J. T. Ball, C. Grivet, and J. A. Berry (1991) Physiological
and environmental regulation of stomata1 conductance, photosynthesis, and transpiration: a model that includes a laminar boundary
layer. Agric. For. Meteorol. 54: 107-136.
Ehleringer, J.R., and H.A. Mooney (1978) Leaf Hairs: Effects on Physiological Activity and Adaptive Value to a Desert Shrub. Oecol,
37: 183-200.
Jurik, T. W., H. Zhang, and J. M. Pleasants (1990) Ecophysiological
consequences of nonrandom leaf orientation in the prairie compass
plant, Silphium laciniatum. Oecologia 82: 180-1 86.
Kelliher, F. M., R. Leuning, M. R. Raupach, and E. D. Schulze (1994)
Maximum conductances for evaporation from global vegetation
types. Agric. For. Meteorol. 73: 1-16.
Lange, O.L., R. Losch, E.-D. Schulze, and L. Kappen (1971) Responses
of stomata to changes in humidity. Planta 100:76-86.
Monteith, J.L. (1965) Evaporation and Environment. 1 9 ~
Symposia of
the Society for Experimental Biology, University Press, Cambridge,
19:205-234.
Monteith, J.L. (1977) Climate and the Efficiency of crop production in
Britain. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 281:277-294.
Norman, J.M. and F. Becker (1995) Terminology in thermal infrared
remote sensing of natural surfaces. Agric. For. Meteorol. 77: 153166.
Penman, H. L. (1948) Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil,
and grass. Proc. R. Soc. A194:220.
Tanner, C. B. and T. R. Sinclair (1983) Efficient water use in crop production: research or re-search? in Limitations to Efficient Water Use
245
for compass grass are during morning and evening hours when vapor
deficits are low, so the carbon gain per unit water loss is therefore high.
Carbon gain was shown to be similar for all leaf orientations, but water
use efficiency is higher for their preferred orientation.
The interactions between plants and their environment can be extremely complex. We have shown that even the behavior of the leaf
temperature and transpiration models is not always intuitive or straightforward. When these are combined with the leaf photosynthesis model,
and all of the interactions are in place, the result can be quite complex and
difficult to predict. This appears, however, to be a fruitful area for research.
The results of the work are not only useful for understanding plant adaptations to particular environments, but also to design agricultural plants
for optimum production in particular environments.
References
Allen, R. G., M. Smith, A. Perrier, and L. S. Pereira (1994) An update for
the definition of reference evapotranspiration. ICID Bulletin 43: 192.
Collatz, C. J., J. T. Ball, C. Grivet, and J. A. Berry (1991) Physiological
and environmental regulation of stomata1 conductance, photosynthesis, and transpiration: a model that includes a laminar boundary
layer. Agric. For. Meteorol. 54: 107-136.
Ehleringer, J.R., and H.A. Mooney (1978) Leaf Hairs: Effects on Physiological Activity and Adaptive Value to a Desert Shrub. Oecol,
37: 183-200.
Jurik, T. W., H. Zhang, and J. M. Pleasants (1990) Ecophysiological
consequences of nonrandom leaf orientation in the prairie compass
plant, Silphium laciniatum. Oecologia 82: 180-1 86.
Kelliher, F. M., R. Leuning, M. R. Raupach, and E. D. Schulze (1994)
Maximum conductances for evaporation from global vegetation
types. Agric. For. Meteorol. 73: 1-16.
Lange, O.L., R. Losch, E.-D. Schulze, and L. Kappen (1971) Responses
of stomata to changes in humidity. Planta 100:76-86.
Monteith, J.L. (1965) Evaporation and Environment. 1 9 ~
Symposia of
the Society for Experimental Biology, University Press, Cambridge,
19:205-234.
Monteith, J.L. (1977) Climate and the Efficiency of crop production in
Britain. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 281:277-294.
Norman, J.M. and F. Becker (1995) Terminology in thermal infrared
remote sensing of natural surfaces. Agric. For. Meteorol. 77: 153166.
Penman, H. L. (1948) Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil,
and grass. Proc. R. Soc. A194:220.
Tanner, C. B. and T. R. Sinclair (1983) Efficient water use in crop production: research or re-search? in Limitations to Efficient Water Use