Animals and their Environment
Cena, K. and J. L. Monteith (1975) Transfer processes in animal coats,
11. Conduction and convection. Proc, R. Soc. Lond. B. 188:395-411.
Kerslake, D. McK. (1972) The Stress of Hot Environments. London:
Cambridge University Press.
Lasiewski, R. C., M. H. Bernstein, and R. D. Ohmart (1971) Cutaneous
water loss in the Roadrunner and Poor-will. Condor 73:470-472.
MacMillian, R. E. andE. A. Christopher (1975) The water relations of two
populations ofnoncaptive desertrodents. Environmental Physiology
of Desert Organisms. (N.F. Hadley, ed.) New York: John Wiley.
Mahoney, S. A. and J. R. King (1977) The use of the equivalent blackbody
temperature in the thermal energetics of small birds. J. Thermal
Biology 2: 115-120.
Monteith, J. L., and M. H. Unsworth (1990) Principles of Environmental
Physics, 2nd ed. London, Edward Arnold.
Porter, W. P. and D. M. Gates (1969) Thermodynamic equilibrium of
animals with environment. Ecol. Monogr. 39:245-270.
Porter, W. P., J. C. Munger, W. E. Stewart, S. Budaraju, and J. Jaeger
(1994) Endotherm energetics: from a scalable individual-based
model to ecological applications. Aust. J. Zool. 42: 125-162.
Robinson, D. E., G. S. Campbell, and J. R. King (1976) An evaluation of
heat exchange in small birds. J. Comp. Physiol, 105: 153- 166.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1969) The neglected interface: the biology of water
as a liquid-gas system. Quart. J. Biophys. 2:283 -304.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1972) How Animals Work. London: Cambridge
University Press.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K., J. Kanwisher, R. C. Lasiewski, J. E. Cohn, and W. Le
Bretz (1969) Temperature regulation and respiration in the Ostrich.
Condor 71:341-352.
Scholander, P. F., V. Walters, R. Hock, and L. Irving (1950) Body insulation of some arctic and tropical mammals and birds. Bio. Bull.
99:225-236.
Walsberg, G. E., G. S. Campbell, and J. R. King. (1978) Animal coat
color and radiative heat gain: a re-evaluation. J. Comp. Physiol.
126:211-222.
Webb, D. R. and J. R. King . (1984). Effects of wetting on insulation of
birds and mammals coats. J. Them. Biol.
Webster, M. D. (1985) Heat loss from avian integument: effects ofposture
and the plumage. Indiana Academy of Sci.94:68 1-686.
Problems
12.1. Compare the respiratory and skin water loss for humans and mice
when air temperature is 20" C and air humidity is 0.4. Assume the
expired air temperature for the mouse is the same as for the kangaroo
rat in Fig. 12.3.
Cena, K. and J. L. Monteith (1975) Transfer processes in animal coats,
11. Conduction and convection. Proc, R. Soc. Lond. B. 188:395-411.
Kerslake, D. McK. (1972) The Stress of Hot Environments. London:
Cambridge University Press.
Lasiewski, R. C., M. H. Bernstein, and R. D. Ohmart (1971) Cutaneous
water loss in the Roadrunner and Poor-will. Condor 73:470-472.
MacMillian, R. E. andE. A. Christopher (1975) The water relations of two
populations ofnoncaptive desertrodents. Environmental Physiology
of Desert Organisms. (N.F. Hadley, ed.) New York: John Wiley.
Mahoney, S. A. and J. R. King (1977) The use of the equivalent blackbody
temperature in the thermal energetics of small birds. J. Thermal
Biology 2: 115-120.
Monteith, J. L., and M. H. Unsworth (1990) Principles of Environmental
Physics, 2nd ed. London, Edward Arnold.
Porter, W. P. and D. M. Gates (1969) Thermodynamic equilibrium of
animals with environment. Ecol. Monogr. 39:245-270.
Porter, W. P., J. C. Munger, W. E. Stewart, S. Budaraju, and J. Jaeger
(1994) Endotherm energetics: from a scalable individual-based
model to ecological applications. Aust. J. Zool. 42: 125-162.
Robinson, D. E., G. S. Campbell, and J. R. King (1976) An evaluation of
heat exchange in small birds. J. Comp. Physiol, 105: 153- 166.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1969) The neglected interface: the biology of water
as a liquid-gas system. Quart. J. Biophys. 2:283 -304.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1972) How Animals Work. London: Cambridge
University Press.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K., J. Kanwisher, R. C. Lasiewski, J. E. Cohn, and W. Le
Bretz (1969) Temperature regulation and respiration in the Ostrich.
Condor 71:341-352.
Scholander, P. F., V. Walters, R. Hock, and L. Irving (1950) Body insulation of some arctic and tropical mammals and birds. Bio. Bull.
99:225-236.
Walsberg, G. E., G. S. Campbell, and J. R. King. (1978) Animal coat
color and radiative heat gain: a re-evaluation. J. Comp. Physiol.
126:211-222.
Webb, D. R. and J. R. King . (1984). Effects of wetting on insulation of
birds and mammals coats. J. Them. Biol.
Webster, M. D. (1985) Heat loss from avian integument: effects ofposture
and the plumage. Indiana Academy of Sci.94:68 1-686.
Problems
12.1. Compare the respiratory and skin water loss for humans and mice
when air temperature is 20" C and air humidity is 0.4. Assume the
expired air temperature for the mouse is the same as for the kangaroo
rat in Fig. 12.3.