4.2.1.2.Les alcanes ramifiés ……………………………………………………………….....22
4.2.1.3.Les cycloalcanes ……………………………………………………………………..23
4.2.2.Les hydrocarbures insaturés ……………………………………………………………23
4.2.3. es hydrocarbures Aromatiques ………………………………………………………...23
4.2.3.1.Les hydrocarbures polyaromatiques (HAP) ………………………………………….24
4.2.4.Les asphaltènes ………………………………………………………………………...28
4.2.5.Les résines ……………………………………………………………………………...28
4.3.Sources des hydrocarbures en milieu marin ……………………………………………..29
4.3.1.Sources naturelles ……………………………………………………………………...29
4.3.1.1.Suintements naturels ……………………………………………………………..…..29
4.3.1.2. Hydrocarbures biogéniques ………………………………………………………….29
4.3.2.Sources anthropiques …………………………………………………………………..29
4.3.2.1 Pollution chronique …………………………………………………………………..29
4.3.2.2 Pollution accidentelle ………………………………………………………………...30
4.4.Propriétés physiques des hydrocarbures ………………………………………………....30
4.4.1.Densité ………………………………………………………………………………....30
4.4.2. Laviscosité …………………………………………………………………………….30
4.4.3.Le point d’écoulement ………………………………………………………………....31
4.4.4.Point éclair ……………………………………………………………………………..31
4.4.5. Point d’ébullition ……………………………………………………………………....32
4.4.6.Tension superficielle …………………………………………………………………...32
4.5.Comportement des hydrocarbures en milieu marin ……………………………………...32
4.5.1.Evaporation …………………………………………………………………………....33
4.5.2. Dissolution……………………………………………………………………………..33
4.5.3. Emulsification …………………………………………………………………………34
4.5.4. Sédimentation …………………………………………………………………………35