Ëosîer summaries
95
EFFICACY OF TWO NEWLY FORMULATED DIETS FOR CARP, Cyprinus carpio var.Communis
EFFECTS ON SURVIVAL, GROWTH, MATURATTON AND CHEMICAL COMPOSÏÊI\ÎQF FLE—sîî—
H;S. SEHGAL and J. THOMAS,
R%ewœh Comp£cx, ÛQ)OMÜHQVŒ 05 Zoo£ogg,
Panjab'AgæécuÆtu/ŒÆ UMVQ/v5üu, LudMawa 741004, INDIA.
Two
new
fish supplementary diets were formulated using some wastes like
kitchen—garbage, poultry droppings, mushroom spent straw, cheese—whey,
slaughter house waste and fish meal. The diets were formulated to completely
and partially replace the oil—cake and rice bran respectively from the
traditional diet (TD) commonly used in India. The efficacy of newly formu—
lated diets
(A and B) in comparison with TD was tested in 200 days (Feb. 15
to
Sept. 3,
1983) culture of carp (at the Fisheries Research Complex of the
Punjab Agricultural University) through their effects on water quality,
plankton production and survival, growth, yield, maturation and flesh compo—
sition of the fish. There was no statistically significant difference between
water
characteristics and plankton production of tanks receiving TD, diet A
and diet B. Fish survival was higher (78.62 ) when fed with diet A and diet B.
It was
low
(62.42) when fed with TD. However, TD affected maximum growth of
carp.
Statistically significant growth differences existed between carp fed
with TD and diet A (P< 0.05), TD and diet B ( P< 0.01) and diet A and diet
B
( P< 0.001). The food conversion ratio was minimnn(2.26) when fish was fed
with diet A and maximum (5.47) when fish was fed with diet B. Diet A resulted
in highest yield (3 364 kg/ha/yr). Diet B and TD resulted in 2_103 and 2 259
kg/ha/yr of fish respectively. Flesh of carp fed with diets A and B, in its
quality, was not significantly different from that of the fish fed with TD.
Interestingly, diet B caused advanced maturity of carp (about 7 months before
the normal
spawning time). Both diets A and B cost much less than the TD.
Based on its low cost and for resulting in low FCR, diet A can be used as a
much
cheaper substitute of the TD. With the use of diet A, the cost of carp
supplementary feeding in India can be lowered down about 2.4 times.
FEEDING AND ORAL
SELECTION OF EOOD BY THE CARE.
F.A. SIBBING, Dept. Exp.
AMma£ Mo/1pholäogy and
Agæécuu}zæ@ UMve}vjiiy, MWzcwcg 40,
6709 PG, WagenLngcn, THE NETHERLANDS.
Though cyprinids constitute the largest fish familly, little is known about
their feeding mechanisms and their implications for food competition. There—
fore, feeding of the carp was analyzed by electromyography,
cine and X—ray
movies
(cf. Sibbing, F.A., 1982, J.Morph.,
223—258 and Sibbing F.A.,
1984, Thesis, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands). Radio—
paque pellets, barley, earthworms, tubificids, cladocerans and mixtures of
food and non—food have been fed.
Structures
associated with feeding were
analyzed by macroscopic, light and scanning electron microscopic techniques.
Cyprinids possess pharyngeal jaws, which are modified fifth branchial arches.
These are moved by the modified branchial muscles against a horny chewing
pad in the Skull. Oral teeth and a stomach are absent. The pharyngeal roof
is covered by a thick muscular pad, the palatal organ. The pharyngeal floor
is composed of the postlingual organ
and the branchial sieve. Fibre systems
of striated muscles form the bulk of these organe. The branchial arches bear
numerous
gillrakers. The surface of the pharyngeal roof and floor
is almost
fully covered by taste buds (up to 820/mm2) and mucous cells (s1alomuc1nes
and sulfomucines). Each feeding sequence
is composed of a variable
number of
stereotyped movement patterns viz : a) particulate intake
or
gulping,
b)
selection between food and non—food material by r1ns1ng, repos1t10nrng
or
backwashing, c) récollection of material from the branchial
eleve
followed
by transport and filling of the chewing cavity,
d) crush1ng
and gr1nd1ng and
e) deglutiton. Probing of the soil and spitt1ng are con51dered separately.
95
EFFICACY OF TWO NEWLY FORMULATED DIETS FOR CARP, Cyprinus carpio var.Communis
EFFECTS ON SURVIVAL, GROWTH, MATURATTON AND CHEMICAL COMPOSÏÊI\ÎQF FLE—sîî—
H;S. SEHGAL and J. THOMAS,
R%ewœh Comp£cx, ÛQ)OMÜHQVŒ 05 Zoo£ogg,
Panjab'AgæécuÆtu/ŒÆ UMVQ/v5üu, LudMawa 741004, INDIA.
Two
new
fish supplementary diets were formulated using some wastes like
kitchen—garbage, poultry droppings, mushroom spent straw, cheese—whey,
slaughter house waste and fish meal. The diets were formulated to completely
and partially replace the oil—cake and rice bran respectively from the
traditional diet (TD) commonly used in India. The efficacy of newly formu—
lated diets
(A and B) in comparison with TD was tested in 200 days (Feb. 15
to
Sept. 3,
1983) culture of carp (at the Fisheries Research Complex of the
Punjab Agricultural University) through their effects on water quality,
plankton production and survival, growth, yield, maturation and flesh compo—
sition of the fish. There was no statistically significant difference between
water
characteristics and plankton production of tanks receiving TD, diet A
and diet B. Fish survival was higher (78.62 ) when fed with diet A and diet B.
It was
low
(62.42) when fed with TD. However, TD affected maximum growth of
carp.
Statistically significant growth differences existed between carp fed
with TD and diet A (P< 0.05), TD and diet B ( P< 0.01) and diet A and diet
B
( P< 0.001). The food conversion ratio was minimnn(2.26) when fish was fed
with diet A and maximum (5.47) when fish was fed with diet B. Diet A resulted
in highest yield (3 364 kg/ha/yr). Diet B and TD resulted in 2_103 and 2 259
kg/ha/yr of fish respectively. Flesh of carp fed with diets A and B, in its
quality, was not significantly different from that of the fish fed with TD.
Interestingly, diet B caused advanced maturity of carp (about 7 months before
the normal
spawning time). Both diets A and B cost much less than the TD.
Based on its low cost and for resulting in low FCR, diet A can be used as a
much
cheaper substitute of the TD. With the use of diet A, the cost of carp
supplementary feeding in India can be lowered down about 2.4 times.
FEEDING AND ORAL
SELECTION OF EOOD BY THE CARE.
F.A. SIBBING, Dept. Exp.
AMma£ Mo/1pholäogy and
Agæécuu}zæ@ UMve}vjiiy, MWzcwcg 40,
6709 PG, WagenLngcn, THE NETHERLANDS.
Though cyprinids constitute the largest fish familly, little is known about
their feeding mechanisms and their implications for food competition. There—
fore, feeding of the carp was analyzed by electromyography,
cine and X—ray
movies
(cf. Sibbing, F.A., 1982, J.Morph.,
223—258 and Sibbing F.A.,
1984, Thesis, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands). Radio—
paque pellets, barley, earthworms, tubificids, cladocerans and mixtures of
food and non—food have been fed.
Structures
associated with feeding were
analyzed by macroscopic, light and scanning electron microscopic techniques.
Cyprinids possess pharyngeal jaws, which are modified fifth branchial arches.
These are moved by the modified branchial muscles against a horny chewing
pad in the Skull. Oral teeth and a stomach are absent. The pharyngeal roof
is covered by a thick muscular pad, the palatal organ. The pharyngeal floor
is composed of the postlingual organ
and the branchial sieve. Fibre systems
of striated muscles form the bulk of these organe. The branchial arches bear
numerous
gillrakers. The surface of the pharyngeal roof and floor
is almost
fully covered by taste buds (up to 820/mm2) and mucous cells (s1alomuc1nes
and sulfomucines). Each feeding sequence
is composed of a variable
number of
stereotyped movement patterns viz : a) particulate intake
or
gulping,
b)
selection between food and non—food material by r1ns1ng, repos1t10nrng
or
backwashing, c) récollection of material from the branchial
eleve
followed
by transport and filling of the chewing cavity,
d) crush1ng
and gr1nd1ng and
e) deglutiton. Probing of the soil and spitt1ng are con51dered separately.