64
K. Dabrowski et al..
compared with 2 lie in the fact that the casein was replaced by 50 % (3)
and 75%
(4) synthetic amino acids identical with casein. In
50 %
of the feed—N was
supplied by casein and in addition, following the recom—
mendation of 0gino et al. (1980), supplemented by essential amino acids. The
influence of a higher casein content on growth and metabolism.was investiga—
ted by means of diet 6. With the exception of ration 4, where the fish were
fed beforehand with a 100% AA—mixture, and where body energy reserves were
mobilized, high growth rates were attained° The efficiency of utilization of
,
ME
for growth (kg)
is equal to 70i5.7% and therefore lies 10% below the value
obtained by Hogendoorn (1983) and substantially below the 88% Huisman (1976)
obtained.
-
Influence of level of
feeding and ration on growth and body composition
Huisman (1976) fed carp weighing 40 g, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9% of live weight
per day, 6 times a week for a duration of 28 days. Final weights did not ex—
ceed 90 g.
Further experiments over a wider range of live weights were car—
ried out by Becker et al. (1983) and Gougnet and Becker (1985, not yet pu—
blished). In table 6, the most important results are presented. The experi—
mental data
show no evidence that an increase in the level of feeding to a
level of almost 600 kJ GE kg“Û-8d_1 results in decreased growth rate and uti—
lization parameters.
Table 6.
Influence of level of feeding on fish performance.
ExperiExpt.
Fish
weight
Energy
Energy
Height
max.
Feed D.H./
Author/Year
ment
Period
supply
retained
increase
specific
Gain
start
termin. KJGE kg'Û-Bd'1 KJ kg-Û-8d-î g kgÜ-Bd'1
Êäîïth
(9/9)
(11)
(9)
(g)
%
11)
84
15.4
16.4-254
90-550
0—150
0-18.8
3.31
1.4 :_0.1
Becker et al.
(1983)
112)
42
14.4
13.2-172
0-480
-18-175
—0.94-25.0
5.90
0.8 : 0.12
Gongnet and
Becker(unpub.
1885)
1112)
42
11.0
48
-201
252-570
74—190
142—272
8.92
1.0 : 0.08
Gongnet and
Becker(unpub.
1985)
3)
28
40
48
-
89
90-880
0-114
0-18.1
2.90
1.641 0.65
Huisman_1976
1.2.3)
Composition of diets
Protein
Ether Extract
Fibre
Ener y
Ash
(in dry matter)
_"ÀΗ
_5Z——
—î_
”‘il—g—
T
1
44.8
14.1
1.3
21.35
8.5
2
40.5
10.8
2.6
19.48
12.0
3
53.2
9.2
4.7
19.37
8.5
Purified diets
For scientific experiments on carp, it has not been possible up to nOW,
for various reasons, to recommend a universally useful purified diet. The
main difficulty in an efficient purified diet lies in the 100% use of casein
as
protein source. When higher doses of water soluble vitamins were added to
the died, observed symptons of illness (stagnation of growth, skin
redded areas especially below the dide line, incoordinated, jerky swimming
movements) no longer appeared. A further positive influence is the neutra—
11zation of the
casein with NaOH (pH about 6.5). The composition of the
purified diet lS given in table 7.
K. Dabrowski et al..
compared with 2 lie in the fact that the casein was replaced by 50 % (3)
and 75%
(4) synthetic amino acids identical with casein. In
50 %
of the feed—N was
supplied by casein and in addition, following the recom—
mendation of 0gino et al. (1980), supplemented by essential amino acids. The
influence of a higher casein content on growth and metabolism.was investiga—
ted by means of diet 6. With the exception of ration 4, where the fish were
fed beforehand with a 100% AA—mixture, and where body energy reserves were
mobilized, high growth rates were attained° The efficiency of utilization of
,
ME
for growth (kg)
is equal to 70i5.7% and therefore lies 10% below the value
obtained by Hogendoorn (1983) and substantially below the 88% Huisman (1976)
obtained.
-
Influence of level of
feeding and ration on growth and body composition
Huisman (1976) fed carp weighing 40 g, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9% of live weight
per day, 6 times a week for a duration of 28 days. Final weights did not ex—
ceed 90 g.
Further experiments over a wider range of live weights were car—
ried out by Becker et al. (1983) and Gougnet and Becker (1985, not yet pu—
blished). In table 6, the most important results are presented. The experi—
mental data
show no evidence that an increase in the level of feeding to a
level of almost 600 kJ GE kg“Û-8d_1 results in decreased growth rate and uti—
lization parameters.
Table 6.
Influence of level of feeding on fish performance.
ExperiExpt.
Fish
weight
Energy
Energy
Height
max.
Feed D.H./
Author/Year
ment
Period
supply
retained
increase
specific
Gain
start
termin. KJGE kg'Û-Bd'1 KJ kg-Û-8d-î g kgÜ-Bd'1
Êäîïth
(9/9)
(11)
(9)
(g)
%
11)
84
15.4
16.4-254
90-550
0—150
0-18.8
3.31
1.4 :_0.1
Becker et al.
(1983)
112)
42
14.4
13.2-172
0-480
-18-175
—0.94-25.0
5.90
0.8 : 0.12
Gongnet and
Becker(unpub.
1885)
1112)
42
11.0
48
-201
252-570
74—190
142—272
8.92
1.0 : 0.08
Gongnet and
Becker(unpub.
1985)
3)
28
40
48
-
89
90-880
0-114
0-18.1
2.90
1.641 0.65
Huisman_1976
1.2.3)
Composition of diets
Protein
Ether Extract
Fibre
Ener y
Ash
(in dry matter)
_"ÀΗ
_5Z——
—î_
”‘il—g—
T
1
44.8
14.1
1.3
21.35
8.5
2
40.5
10.8
2.6
19.48
12.0
3
53.2
9.2
4.7
19.37
8.5
Purified diets
For scientific experiments on carp, it has not been possible up to nOW,
for various reasons, to recommend a universally useful purified diet. The
main difficulty in an efficient purified diet lies in the 100% use of casein
as
protein source. When higher doses of water soluble vitamins were added to
the died, observed symptons of illness (stagnation of growth, skin
redded areas especially below the dide line, incoordinated, jerky swimming
movements) no longer appeared. A further positive influence is the neutra—
11zation of the
casein with NaOH (pH about 6.5). The composition of the
purified diet lS given in table 7.