446
C.H.J. Lamers
ical
heterogeneity
are
present in carp,
especially the use of MoAbs has made
it
possible to identify and separate these subpopulations and has
given
evi—
dence
for
the
presence of
Ig—like antigen—receptor structures on the T—like
cells.
The
possibility of separating lymphocyte subpopulations together
with
the
availability,
in
the near
future, of inbred carp opens new prospectives
for studying aspects of immunoregulation e.g.
MHC
restriction of
cell
inter—
action, or cell transfer experiments for definitively proving the existence of
memory cell populations.
Some
immunoregulatory mechanisms
have
been
regog—
nized,
especially
the
involvement of helper and suppressor functions and in—
terleukins has
given the defence of cyprinids a more grown up appearance.
ln mammals memory development and retainment
is
related
to
structural
components
of
lymphoid
organs,
especially follicular centres and dendritic
cells.
In carp
there
are
several indications
for
the involvement
of
MMCs
in
development and maintenace of immunological memory.
One might even speculate,
that
the
functions
of melano—macrophages in carp, later in phylogeny are
exe—
cuted by two different cell types;
for in the
follicular centres
of mammalian
lymphoid organs the "tingible body macrophages" execute
the
scavenger
func—
tion,
whereas antigen presentation is done by follicular dendritic cells.
Up
to
now
besides melano—macrophages no specialized cells for
antigen
retention
have
been
observed
in carp,
although the importance of reticular fibres for
antigen retention is suggested.
Data on carp lg are still supplemented;
e.g.
the
limited
diversity
of
antibodies
have
led to suggestions that carp produce a broad range of "public
antibodies" and that only a minority are private antibodies with a high
spec—
ific
idiotype.
Up
to
now
no
data are avaiable
on
structural adaptation of
functional diversity (or subclasses) of carp lg
The
intestine
is
an
important portal of entry for pathogens, the presence
of
lymphocytes and macrophages are suggestive for a local response.
Little is
known on a local immune system in carp,
but
recent
studies are suggestive
for
the existence of a
"common mucosal immune system" in carp.
The effects of
temperature, dose nature and route
of
administration
of
antigen,
pollutants and antibiotics on the immune response and development of
immunological memory have been extensively studied and effects on
vaccination
can
been predicted.
Acclimation of
fish to optimal physiological temperatures
should be considered to carry out vaccinations.
Subsequently it would be
ad—
vantagous to keep the fish for 2 to 3 months at those optimal temperatures and
in a
realtively clean environment, for development of immunological memory and
effective protection.
Vaccination of young fish during the first summer would be of
great
im—
portance.
From ontogenetical studies it is concluded to be careful with early
vaccinations, especially when the nature of the antigens in the vaccine is not
known.
lt
seems
that
from 2,5—4 months onwards vaccination is possible with—
out
the risk of inducing tolerance.
Successful application of vaccines to carp is possible.
Injection
methods
can
be used for small numbers of fish, provided that the appropriate antigens
are
included in the vaccine.
Bath methods are possible for
large
scale
application
or
for
young animals.
Altough usually no serum antibody is recorded, immunological memory and cell—mediated immunity can developOral
vaccination
is
not
as
effective as injection or bath, but more knowledge Of
the underlieing processes may significantly improve this method.
C.H.J. Lamers
ical
heterogeneity
are
present in carp,
especially the use of MoAbs has made
it
possible to identify and separate these subpopulations and has
given
evi—
dence
for
the
presence of
Ig—like antigen—receptor structures on the T—like
cells.
The
possibility of separating lymphocyte subpopulations together
with
the
availability,
in
the near
future, of inbred carp opens new prospectives
for studying aspects of immunoregulation e.g.
MHC
restriction of
cell
inter—
action, or cell transfer experiments for definitively proving the existence of
memory cell populations.
Some
immunoregulatory mechanisms
have
been
regog—
nized,
especially
the
involvement of helper and suppressor functions and in—
terleukins has
given the defence of cyprinids a more grown up appearance.
ln mammals memory development and retainment
is
related
to
structural
components
of
lymphoid
organs,
especially follicular centres and dendritic
cells.
In carp
there
are
several indications
for
the involvement
of
MMCs
in
development and maintenace of immunological memory.
One might even speculate,
that
the
functions
of melano—macrophages in carp, later in phylogeny are
exe—
cuted by two different cell types;
for in the
follicular centres
of mammalian
lymphoid organs the "tingible body macrophages" execute
the
scavenger
func—
tion,
whereas antigen presentation is done by follicular dendritic cells.
Up
to
now
besides melano—macrophages no specialized cells for
antigen
retention
have
been
observed
in carp,
although the importance of reticular fibres for
antigen retention is suggested.
Data on carp lg are still supplemented;
e.g.
the
limited
diversity
of
antibodies
have
led to suggestions that carp produce a broad range of "public
antibodies" and that only a minority are private antibodies with a high
spec—
ific
idiotype.
Up
to
now
no
data are avaiable
on
structural adaptation of
functional diversity (or subclasses) of carp lg
The
intestine
is
an
important portal of entry for pathogens, the presence
of
lymphocytes and macrophages are suggestive for a local response.
Little is
known on a local immune system in carp,
but
recent
studies are suggestive
for
the existence of a
"common mucosal immune system" in carp.
The effects of
temperature, dose nature and route
of
administration
of
antigen,
pollutants and antibiotics on the immune response and development of
immunological memory have been extensively studied and effects on
vaccination
can
been predicted.
Acclimation of
fish to optimal physiological temperatures
should be considered to carry out vaccinations.
Subsequently it would be
ad—
vantagous to keep the fish for 2 to 3 months at those optimal temperatures and
in a
realtively clean environment, for development of immunological memory and
effective protection.
Vaccination of young fish during the first summer would be of
great
im—
portance.
From ontogenetical studies it is concluded to be careful with early
vaccinations, especially when the nature of the antigens in the vaccine is not
known.
lt
seems
that
from 2,5—4 months onwards vaccination is possible with—
out
the risk of inducing tolerance.
Successful application of vaccines to carp is possible.
Injection
methods
can
be used for small numbers of fish, provided that the appropriate antigens
are
included in the vaccine.
Bath methods are possible for
large
scale
application
or
for
young animals.
Altough usually no serum antibody is recorded, immunological memory and cell—mediated immunity can developOral
vaccination
is
not
as
effective as injection or bath, but more knowledge Of
the underlieing processes may significantly improve this method.