444
C.HJ. Lamers
It
can
be
concluded that thymic and nephric tissue develop
rapidly,
and
at
the
early stage the phagocytic defence is soon supplemented with cellular
immunity°
Antibody response and memory can be induced in young (1 month) carp
using
certain antigens.
The ability to respond to some 'T—depenent' antigens
like SRBC and HGG did not develop until 2,5—4 months of
age.
These
results
indicate an asynchronous development of lymphoid functions in carp, especially
the T—helper function for the humoral response appears
to
mature
relatively
late
in
ontogeny.
Therefore
it
is
important to determine the nature of the
antigen preparation before attempting to vaccinate young carp.
VACCINATION êÆB_PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY
The most early studies on immunoprophylaxis in carp date
back
about
50
years.
In
these experiments by Schaperclaus and by Wunder (cited by Pliska,
1939) during the summer carp were
infected
sublethally
with
the
causative
agent
of
bacterial hemorrhagic septicaemia (A. hydrophila), and the fish sub—
sequently produced high serum agglutinin
The
losses
next
spring
in
the
infected
groups were highly reduced when compared to non—treated groups.
Moreover, Schaperclaus already noted
the
heterogeneity
among
A.
hydrophila
strains, for no protection was obtained from the former immunizati3h, when the
carp were
contacted next spring with A. hydrophila diseased
fish
from
other
ponds or originating from other regioë (cf.
Plizka, 1939).
It
is
only since the last decade that there is a revival of the
interest
in
immunoprophylaxis in fish from different diciplines, which has resulted in
an
enormous
progress
in this
field
(Ahne, 1980;
Anderson &
Hennessen,
1981;
Van
Muiswinkel & Cooper, 1982;
Anderson et al., 1983;
De
Kinkelin & Michel,
1984).
Especially in salmonid culture good results have
been
obtained
with
vaccination
agianst vibriosis and yersiniosis.
In addition to vaccination by
injection or oral application, new vaccination methods
have
been
developed,
apt
for
large
scale
use,
namely bath and spray vaccination.
These methods
have
augmented the applicability of vaccination in fish culture, and have considerab1y
contributed to the succes.
Whereas much attention has
been paid to
the epizootics and vaccination of salmonids, in case
of
cyprinids
this
has
been relatively little, of which some data will be presentedIn case
of
the viral disease spring vireamia of carp (SVC), immunoprophÿ‘
laxis has good prospectives (cf.
Bootsma & Ebregt, 1983;
De Kinkelin et al.,
1984);
e.g.
carp originating from diseased ponds were no longer
susceptible
for
the
disease—
Following intraperitonal injection (i.p.) of live virus or
administration by bath both INF and antibody formation took place.
Infection
of
young carp at high temperatures (no clinical SVC!), provided protection to
a
subsequent challenge at
lower
temperatures.
Upto
now
vaccination
With
killed
or
attenuated virus are less
successful, but research is in progress,
for
"live vaccines" carry the danger of inducing carrier state, and Will
give
problems with obtaning a licence for the product.
Bacterial diseases still form a great threat for carp culture.
Since
the
early findings from Schaperclaus (cf.
Schaperclaus, 1970) it has become clear
that carp are able to mount both humoral antibody responses and develop memory
aganist
ê;_hydrophila
antigens,
administered
both by injection and by bath
(Lamers et al., 1985a,b).
Moreover protection can
be
obtained
with
killed
vaccines, athough it is limited to the strains included in the vaccineVacc1nation against
hydrophila only will be effective when polyvalent
pre—
parations are used combined with strict measures to prevent contamination with
strains
from elsewhere, or when it will be possible to isolate the common
essential
antigens
of
the ê;_hydrophila group and to produce vaccines inwhich
these antigens are
C.HJ. Lamers
It
can
be
concluded that thymic and nephric tissue develop
rapidly,
and
at
the
early stage the phagocytic defence is soon supplemented with cellular
immunity°
Antibody response and memory can be induced in young (1 month) carp
using
certain antigens.
The ability to respond to some 'T—depenent' antigens
like SRBC and HGG did not develop until 2,5—4 months of
age.
These
results
indicate an asynchronous development of lymphoid functions in carp, especially
the T—helper function for the humoral response appears
to
mature
relatively
late
in
ontogeny.
Therefore
it
is
important to determine the nature of the
antigen preparation before attempting to vaccinate young carp.
VACCINATION êÆB_PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY
The most early studies on immunoprophylaxis in carp date
back
about
50
years.
In
these experiments by Schaperclaus and by Wunder (cited by Pliska,
1939) during the summer carp were
infected
sublethally
with
the
causative
agent
of
bacterial hemorrhagic septicaemia (A. hydrophila), and the fish sub—
sequently produced high serum agglutinin
The
losses
next
spring
in
the
infected
groups were highly reduced when compared to non—treated groups.
Moreover, Schaperclaus already noted
the
heterogeneity
among
A.
hydrophila
strains, for no protection was obtained from the former immunizati3h, when the
carp were
contacted next spring with A. hydrophila diseased
fish
from
other
ponds or originating from other regioë (cf.
Plizka, 1939).
It
is
only since the last decade that there is a revival of the
interest
in
immunoprophylaxis in fish from different diciplines, which has resulted in
an
enormous
progress
in this
field
(Ahne, 1980;
Anderson &
Hennessen,
1981;
Van
Muiswinkel & Cooper, 1982;
Anderson et al., 1983;
De
Kinkelin & Michel,
1984).
Especially in salmonid culture good results have
been
obtained
with
vaccination
agianst vibriosis and yersiniosis.
In addition to vaccination by
injection or oral application, new vaccination methods
have
been
developed,
apt
for
large
scale
use,
namely bath and spray vaccination.
These methods
have
augmented the applicability of vaccination in fish culture, and have considerab1y
contributed to the succes.
Whereas much attention has
been paid to
the epizootics and vaccination of salmonids, in case
of
cyprinids
this
has
been relatively little, of which some data will be presentedIn case
of
the viral disease spring vireamia of carp (SVC), immunoprophÿ‘
laxis has good prospectives (cf.
Bootsma & Ebregt, 1983;
De Kinkelin et al.,
1984);
e.g.
carp originating from diseased ponds were no longer
susceptible
for
the
disease—
Following intraperitonal injection (i.p.) of live virus or
administration by bath both INF and antibody formation took place.
Infection
of
young carp at high temperatures (no clinical SVC!), provided protection to
a
subsequent challenge at
lower
temperatures.
Upto
now
vaccination
With
killed
or
attenuated virus are less
successful, but research is in progress,
for
"live vaccines" carry the danger of inducing carrier state, and Will
give
problems with obtaning a licence for the product.
Bacterial diseases still form a great threat for carp culture.
Since
the
early findings from Schaperclaus (cf.
Schaperclaus, 1970) it has become clear
that carp are able to mount both humoral antibody responses and develop memory
aganist
ê;_hydrophila
antigens,
administered
both by injection and by bath
(Lamers et al., 1985a,b).
Moreover protection can
be
obtained
with
killed
vaccines, athough it is limited to the strains included in the vaccineVacc1nation against
hydrophila only will be effective when polyvalent
pre—
parations are used combined with strict measures to prevent contamination with
strains
from elsewhere, or when it will be possible to isolate the common
essential
antigens
of
the ê;_hydrophila group and to produce vaccines inwhich
these antigens are