388
V.R.P. Sinha
2°)
lnfestation
through the water supply of undesirable species of fish be—
come
competitors
with
commercially
important
fishes
for
oxygen,
Space
and
food organism. There are numerous kinds of insects such as Corixa, Dy5ticus,
Belostoma,
Hydrometra,
Gerris
etc.
in
the
paddy—field which predate on fish
larvae
and
fry whereas leech,
frog, birds, snakes and otters prey upon fish
in paddy—fields.
3°)
Fish
cultivation
along with rice is affected by the use of pesticide.
While
the
International
Rice
Research
Institute
(IRRI)
is
evolving certain
strains
of
rice
which
are
highly
disease—resistant,
biological control of
pest
and
predators
of
paddy are also beingvigdpusly investigated in many
places.
However,
presently,
the
best
way
to
apply the chemical is either to
drive
the
fish
before
the
application into
thetrenches
or
to
increase the
water
level
of
the
field
and
try to spray the chemicals on the leaves so
that
little
amount
of
such
chemicals
drop into the water and their concen—
tration get more diluted.
4°)
There
is
lack
of
suitable
scientific
technology available for crop and
fish
production systems.
Fish
culture
in ponds have shown that it has great
income generating capacity, however, its role in other watershed needs to be
appreciated,
investigated
and
extended.
It
is
necessary
that
packages
of
practices may be developed from the existing knowledge and experience avai—
lable
in different countries
and demonstration projects on these systems may
be
initiated.
5°) While increased use of organic manures and crop residues (presently the—
se
are
used
more
as
fuel
than for manuring), suitable seed, feed and bree@
the
three
major input components for successful crop—fish—livestock produc—
tion
systems are by and large beyond the reach of poor farmers. This needs
to
be seriously viewed by all concerned.
6°) Low investment capacity of the farmer, credit constraints, timely supply
of inputs, non—availability of proper agricultural implements, leasing poli—
cy,
multiple
ownership,
absentee
landlordism,
marketing
facilities
are
socio—economic constraints for slow development of such systems.
These need
to
be
looked into by the developmental agencies.
7°)
Strong expertise
on
various
areas
of
agriculture,
animal
science
and
fisheries research and adequate number of institutions for agriculture, ani—
mal
science, fisheries, water management, forestry, etc. have been set up in
many countries of the region. Yet, research and expertise in integration for
symbiosis and mutual coordination of various disciplines for efficient crop—
livestock—fish
farming system need to be developed and strengthened (Sinhâ
and Venkateshwarlu, 1983).
However,
the
Indian
Council
of
Agricultural Research has set Up a num—
ber
of
Farm
Sciences
Centres
which
offer
such
scope
of
integrated farming
the
help of subject matter specialists belonging to different farming
sys
ems.
V.R.P. Sinha
2°)
lnfestation
through the water supply of undesirable species of fish be—
come
competitors
with
commercially
important
fishes
for
oxygen,
Space
and
food organism. There are numerous kinds of insects such as Corixa, Dy5ticus,
Belostoma,
Hydrometra,
Gerris
etc.
in
the
paddy—field which predate on fish
larvae
and
fry whereas leech,
frog, birds, snakes and otters prey upon fish
in paddy—fields.
3°)
Fish
cultivation
along with rice is affected by the use of pesticide.
While
the
International
Rice
Research
Institute
(IRRI)
is
evolving certain
strains
of
rice
which
are
highly
disease—resistant,
biological control of
pest
and
predators
of
paddy are also beingvigdpusly investigated in many
places.
However,
presently,
the
best
way
to
apply the chemical is either to
drive
the
fish
before
the
application into
thetrenches
or
to
increase the
water
level
of
the
field
and
try to spray the chemicals on the leaves so
that
little
amount
of
such
chemicals
drop into the water and their concen—
tration get more diluted.
4°)
There
is
lack
of
suitable
scientific
technology available for crop and
fish
production systems.
Fish
culture
in ponds have shown that it has great
income generating capacity, however, its role in other watershed needs to be
appreciated,
investigated
and
extended.
It
is
necessary
that
packages
of
practices may be developed from the existing knowledge and experience avai—
lable
in different countries
and demonstration projects on these systems may
be
initiated.
5°) While increased use of organic manures and crop residues (presently the—
se
are
used
more
as
fuel
than for manuring), suitable seed, feed and bree@
the
three
major input components for successful crop—fish—livestock produc—
tion
systems are by and large beyond the reach of poor farmers. This needs
to
be seriously viewed by all concerned.
6°) Low investment capacity of the farmer, credit constraints, timely supply
of inputs, non—availability of proper agricultural implements, leasing poli—
cy,
multiple
ownership,
absentee
landlordism,
marketing
facilities
are
socio—economic constraints for slow development of such systems.
These need
to
be
looked into by the developmental agencies.
7°)
Strong expertise
on
various
areas
of
agriculture,
animal
science
and
fisheries research and adequate number of institutions for agriculture, ani—
mal
science, fisheries, water management, forestry, etc. have been set up in
many countries of the region. Yet, research and expertise in integration for
symbiosis and mutual coordination of various disciplines for efficient crop—
livestock—fish
farming system need to be developed and strengthened (Sinhâ
and Venkateshwarlu, 1983).
However,
the
Indian
Council
of
Agricultural Research has set Up a num—
ber
of
Farm
Sciences
Centres
which
offer
such
scope
of
integrated farming
the
help of subject matter specialists belonging to different farming
sys
ems.