270
K. Opuszyñski
IN TR C‘ D UC TI ON
Common
carp
(Cyprinus carpio L.,) is an important fish species
in
pond culture because of its biological properties: resistance to
environmental conditions, a wide variety of aquatic organisa—ns Consu—
med, fast growth rate and high quality flash. This species is
the
principal object of warm—water pond culture in Europe and in
many
countries
outside
Europe under moderate and tropical
conditions°
However, in spite of feeding on various aquatic organisme5
common
carp
does not fully utilize all food resources available in a
water
body. This is the main reason that this species has been raised in
polyculture with other fish species or water animals. The present
paper
tries
to
show contemporary "state of the art“ of carp polyculture
and
its
perspectives.
I
—
FISH
SE΂CIES
”Wi—MCH
ARE
USED
IN
POLYCUL’ÏL‘URE
The
accompanying fish in carp culture are listed in Table 1.
They have been divide into three groups depending on their feeding
behaviour; however, it is difficult to make general divisions considering
the
variability in fish diets. The greatest difcultîes arise concerning
the
herbivorous group.,
Even
such
a
typical herbivorous fish as the
grass carp, in
my
opinionv sometimes is called an omnivorous
fish
(Fisher and Lyakhnovich, 1973). Tilapia species are the most difficult
to
classify because many of them feed on a great variety of
food
(Spatarus 1976). The Tilapia sp., mentioned in this paper have
been
placed in the herbivorous group based on the statement of
Baydach
et
a].
(1972) that despite different food habits all Tilapia are more or
less
herbivorous.
Herbivorous
fish, because they have a low position in the food
chain, are the most important component of polyculture as the total
production in a pond of these fish is second only to
The
herb—
ivorous group of fish consists
of
the
greatest number of species, the
most
important being listed in Table I. These Species are most widely
cultured
together with the carp in different parts of the world., Invert—
ebrata
eaters
rank
second
followed by piscivorous sh. Piscivorous
fish which feed
on
fish flash
are
not
an
economic
object of mass—sca—
le
production in carp ponds. These fish are used to control undesira—
ble
fish
which enter carp
ponds by chance or their fry are raised
together with second and third year carp and are used as stocking
material for repopulating natural and articial lakes and running waters
Other
than
fish
organisms, prawns or ducks, can also be raised in
carp
ponds to increase the total income.
II
-—
INFLUENCE
OF
THE
ACÇONIËÎ’ANYING FISH
ON
TOTAL YIELD
The
benifitial effect of the
accompanying fish on the total output
of
polyculture is not easy to prove. The majority of available data
state
that
the
additional stock of a species, _>$, added to carp stock
129) gives the total yield Çp_ + X, where the yield of
is
considered
as
a
benifitial effect of polyculture. This might not be true even when
a{ cgntrolÇgroup
of
carp in
monoculture
is
used
{Cm} and the
yield
0
Q
=
m.
K. Opuszyñski
IN TR C‘ D UC TI ON
Common
carp
(Cyprinus carpio L.,) is an important fish species
in
pond culture because of its biological properties: resistance to
environmental conditions, a wide variety of aquatic organisa—ns Consu—
med, fast growth rate and high quality flash. This species is
the
principal object of warm—water pond culture in Europe and in
many
countries
outside
Europe under moderate and tropical
conditions°
However, in spite of feeding on various aquatic organisme5
common
carp
does not fully utilize all food resources available in a
water
body. This is the main reason that this species has been raised in
polyculture with other fish species or water animals. The present
paper
tries
to
show contemporary "state of the art“ of carp polyculture
and
its
perspectives.
I
—
FISH
SE΂CIES
”Wi—MCH
ARE
USED
IN
POLYCUL’ÏL‘URE
The
accompanying fish in carp culture are listed in Table 1.
They have been divide into three groups depending on their feeding
behaviour; however, it is difficult to make general divisions considering
the
variability in fish diets. The greatest difcultîes arise concerning
the
herbivorous group.,
Even
such
a
typical herbivorous fish as the
grass carp, in
my
opinionv sometimes is called an omnivorous
fish
(Fisher and Lyakhnovich, 1973). Tilapia species are the most difficult
to
classify because many of them feed on a great variety of
food
(Spatarus 1976). The Tilapia sp., mentioned in this paper have
been
placed in the herbivorous group based on the statement of
Baydach
et
a].
(1972) that despite different food habits all Tilapia are more or
less
herbivorous.
Herbivorous
fish, because they have a low position in the food
chain, are the most important component of polyculture as the total
production in a pond of these fish is second only to
The
herb—
ivorous group of fish consists
of
the
greatest number of species, the
most
important being listed in Table I. These Species are most widely
cultured
together with the carp in different parts of the world., Invert—
ebrata
eaters
rank
second
followed by piscivorous sh. Piscivorous
fish which feed
on
fish flash
are
not
an
economic
object of mass—sca—
le
production in carp ponds. These fish are used to control undesira—
ble
fish
which enter carp
ponds by chance or their fry are raised
together with second and third year carp and are used as stocking
material for repopulating natural and articial lakes and running waters
Other
than
fish
organisms, prawns or ducks, can also be raised in
carp
ponds to increase the total income.
II
-—
INFLUENCE
OF
THE
ACÇONIËÎ’ANYING FISH
ON
TOTAL YIELD
The
benifitial effect of the
accompanying fish on the total output
of
polyculture is not easy to prove. The majority of available data
state
that
the
additional stock of a species, _>$, added to carp stock
129) gives the total yield Çp_ + X, where the yield of
is
considered
as
a
benifitial effect of polyculture. This might not be true even when
a{ cgntrolÇgroup
of
carp in
monoculture
is
used
{Cm} and the
yield
0
Q
=
m.