Seiecve breeang Of the common carp
197
Domestic breeds of
the
European
carp
differ
from
wild
European
carp
in
body
shape,
growth
rate,
scale
pattern,
reproductive and behavioral traits, flash composition and
blood
contents
(Hohlfarth,
1984),
Presumably this is a response to the
concious breeding effort, as well as the domestioation
process,
Domestic
Japanese
breeds very markedly from wild Japanese carp
in
some
meristic
and
morphometric traits (Suzuki and
Yamaguchi,
1980)
as
well
as
growth
rate
(Suzuki
et
1976).
In many
traits they resemble domesticated
European
carp
more
closely
than
wild
Japanese
Suzuki
and Yamaguchi
{1980a)
concluded
from their comparative studies that European carp have been more
intensively
domesticated
than
Japanese
carp,
Domesticated
European strains and Chinese carp differ
in
many
traits.
The
Chinese
are
much
more
viable,
possess
a
slower growth rate
except as juveniles, are able to evade seining nets and are more
efficient
grazers
on
natural
foods
(Hulata et al.,
1974,
1976,
1982; Moav et al,,
1973),
Most
domesticated
European
strains
posess the
(mutant)
’mirror‘
scale
pattern, whereas Chinese carp
have
the
wild
type
fully
soaled
pattern…
In
part
these
differences
between
the
races
are
probably
due
to
the
differences
in their domestication environmentu
But, due to
the
Chinese
practice of augmenting their brood stocks with fish from
the wild, the Chinese carp is domesticated to a
lesser
degree,
and
resembles wild
carp more
closely than European carp… Chinese
and European carp interspawn freely
(Moav et al.,
1975,
Suzuki
and
Yamaguchi,
1980b),
though
some
disturbances
in
fecundity
occur
in Fi
and
backcross
generations
of
Chinese
r
European
crossbreds
(Hulata et al,,
1980).
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON CAR? PDPULATIONS
Two
biological
characteristics
of
carp
are
of
major
importance for selective breeding,
its
fecundity and
the
shape
of
its frequency distribution of length and weight.
A.
Fecundity.
Common
carp
are
extremely fecund, females being capable of
spawning hundreds of thousands of eggs (Tomita ÊË_Êl., 1980). As
a
result, the number of brood fish required for producing large
number of
fry is relatively small° The coefficient of inbreeding
Of a population is a function of the effective number of parents
(Falconer, 1960). Thence carp populations produced“ bÿ” spawning
în
captivity
are
expected to be inbred, to differing degrees,
unless concious steps are taken to prevent this.
B.
Freguency distributions
Frequency distributions of length are typically
shewed
t°
the
right in carp populations. The long asymmetrical right hand
"tail" characterizing this distribution represents a
relat1velY
small
number
of
individuals, much larger than the mean of
the
P°pületion.
These
individuals have been termed
"shoot
carP
bY
.Nakamura
and
Kasahara
(1955:1955:195711951)r
Whose
investigations
showed
that
the
asymmetry
of
the
frequency
197
Domestic breeds of
the
European
carp
differ
from
wild
European
carp
in
body
shape,
growth
rate,
scale
pattern,
reproductive and behavioral traits, flash composition and
blood
contents
(Hohlfarth,
1984),
Presumably this is a response to the
concious breeding effort, as well as the domestioation
process,
Domestic
Japanese
breeds very markedly from wild Japanese carp
in
some
meristic
and
morphometric traits (Suzuki and
Yamaguchi,
1980)
as
well
as
growth
rate
(Suzuki
et
1976).
In many
traits they resemble domesticated
European
carp
more
closely
than
wild
Japanese
Suzuki
and Yamaguchi
{1980a)
concluded
from their comparative studies that European carp have been more
intensively
domesticated
than
Japanese
carp,
Domesticated
European strains and Chinese carp differ
in
many
traits.
The
Chinese
are
much
more
viable,
possess
a
slower growth rate
except as juveniles, are able to evade seining nets and are more
efficient
grazers
on
natural
foods
(Hulata et al.,
1974,
1976,
1982; Moav et al,,
1973),
Most
domesticated
European
strains
posess the
(mutant)
’mirror‘
scale
pattern, whereas Chinese carp
have
the
wild
type
fully
soaled
pattern…
In
part
these
differences
between
the
races
are
probably
due
to
the
differences
in their domestication environmentu
But, due to
the
Chinese
practice of augmenting their brood stocks with fish from
the wild, the Chinese carp is domesticated to a
lesser
degree,
and
resembles wild
carp more
closely than European carp… Chinese
and European carp interspawn freely
(Moav et al.,
1975,
Suzuki
and
Yamaguchi,
1980b),
though
some
disturbances
in
fecundity
occur
in Fi
and
backcross
generations
of
Chinese
r
European
crossbreds
(Hulata et al,,
1980).
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON CAR? PDPULATIONS
Two
biological
characteristics
of
carp
are
of
major
importance for selective breeding,
its
fecundity and
the
shape
of
its frequency distribution of length and weight.
A.
Fecundity.
Common
carp
are
extremely fecund, females being capable of
spawning hundreds of thousands of eggs (Tomita ÊË_Êl., 1980). As
a
result, the number of brood fish required for producing large
number of
fry is relatively small° The coefficient of inbreeding
Of a population is a function of the effective number of parents
(Falconer, 1960). Thence carp populations produced“ bÿ” spawning
în
captivity
are
expected to be inbred, to differing degrees,
unless concious steps are taken to prevent this.
B.
Freguency distributions
Frequency distributions of length are typically
shewed
t°
the
right in carp populations. The long asymmetrical right hand
"tail" characterizing this distribution represents a
relat1velY
small
number
of
individuals, much larger than the mean of
the
P°pületion.
These
individuals have been termed
"shoot
carP
bY
.Nakamura
and
Kasahara
(1955:1955:195711951)r
Whose
investigations
showed
that
the
asymmetry
of
the
frequency