disappearance of around one-third of large species such as tuna, sharks, and
swordfish, while catches have dwindled to around one-tenth past sizes. Some
have predicted that if the current devastation is left to continue, most of the fish
species in the seas will be gone by around 2048.
Marine products account for 16% of the animal protein needed for human
survival, and fish account for over 80% of marine products; thus the problem is
quite serious. Addressing this global trend and satisfying the public’s demands
will require maximal improvements in productivity and increases in hatchery
yields through the development of intensive, state-of-the-art technology.
Recently, efforts have been made worldwide to produce outstanding, high
value-added varieties through the application of genetic engineering techniques
to maximize productivity per unit of effort over a short period of time. A particularly great amount of research has focused on the fish varieties with the
highest economic value among marine products. The world’s advanced economies have already entered an age of untrammeled competition in global freshwater and oceanic gene resources and biotechnology.
Expressed sequence tag (EST) techniques and cDNA chip techniques based
on a library of fish cDNA have already been applied to analysis of fish genetic
structure, tracking of mutants, gene marking, and the restoration of ecosystems
through the preservation of various species.
Rapid advancements in genetically modified fish are expected to usher in a major
revolution in aquaculture. In the medium and long term, genetic transformation
technology may be used to increase economic value-added for marine products in
general.
References
Agris, P. F. (2004). Decoding the genome: A modified view. Nucleic Acids Research, 32(1),
223–238.
Allendorf, F. W., Hohenlohe, P. A., & Luikart, G. (2010). Genomics and the future of
conservation genetics. Nature Reviews Genetics, 11(10), 697.
Aoki, T. (2000). Gene of fish. In F. Takashita (Ed.), The next generation of fisheries biotechnology
(pp. 1–15). Tokyo, Japan: Seizando-shoten Pubilishing Co.
Aoki, T., & Miyata, M. (1997). Globin gene. In T. Aoki, et al. (Eds.), DNA of fish:
Geneticapproach of fish gene molecule (pp. 158–200).
Black, D. L. (2003). Mechanisms of alternative pre-messenger RNA splicing. Annual Review of
Biochemistry, 72(1), 291–336.
Chalfie, M., Tu, Y., Euskirchen, G., Ward, W. W., & Prasher, D. C. (1994). Green fluorescent
protein as a marker for gene expression. Science, 263(5148), 802–805.
Chen, L., DeVries, A. L., & Cheng, C.-H. C. (1997). Evolution of antifreeze glycoprotein gene
from a trypsinogen gene in Antarctic notothenioid fish. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences, 94(8), 3811–3816.
Chen, T., & Powers, D. (1990). Transgenic fish. Trends in Biotechnology, 8, 209–215.
Cossins, A. R., & Crawford, D. L. (2005). Fish as models for environmental genomics. Nature
Reviews Genetics, 6(4), 324.
Crollius, H. R., & Weissenbach, J. (2005). Fish genomics and biology. Genome Research, 15(12),
1675–1682.
76
3 Fish Genetics
swordfish, while catches have dwindled to around one-tenth past sizes. Some
have predicted that if the current devastation is left to continue, most of the fish
species in the seas will be gone by around 2048.
Marine products account for 16% of the animal protein needed for human
survival, and fish account for over 80% of marine products; thus the problem is
quite serious. Addressing this global trend and satisfying the public’s demands
will require maximal improvements in productivity and increases in hatchery
yields through the development of intensive, state-of-the-art technology.
Recently, efforts have been made worldwide to produce outstanding, high
value-added varieties through the application of genetic engineering techniques
to maximize productivity per unit of effort over a short period of time. A particularly great amount of research has focused on the fish varieties with the
highest economic value among marine products. The world’s advanced economies have already entered an age of untrammeled competition in global freshwater and oceanic gene resources and biotechnology.
Expressed sequence tag (EST) techniques and cDNA chip techniques based
on a library of fish cDNA have already been applied to analysis of fish genetic
structure, tracking of mutants, gene marking, and the restoration of ecosystems
through the preservation of various species.
Rapid advancements in genetically modified fish are expected to usher in a major
revolution in aquaculture. In the medium and long term, genetic transformation
technology may be used to increase economic value-added for marine products in
general.
References
Agris, P. F. (2004). Decoding the genome: A modified view. Nucleic Acids Research, 32(1),
223–238.
Allendorf, F. W., Hohenlohe, P. A., & Luikart, G. (2010). Genomics and the future of
conservation genetics. Nature Reviews Genetics, 11(10), 697.
Aoki, T. (2000). Gene of fish. In F. Takashita (Ed.), The next generation of fisheries biotechnology
(pp. 1–15). Tokyo, Japan: Seizando-shoten Pubilishing Co.
Aoki, T., & Miyata, M. (1997). Globin gene. In T. Aoki, et al. (Eds.), DNA of fish:
Geneticapproach of fish gene molecule (pp. 158–200).
Black, D. L. (2003). Mechanisms of alternative pre-messenger RNA splicing. Annual Review of
Biochemistry, 72(1), 291–336.
Chalfie, M., Tu, Y., Euskirchen, G., Ward, W. W., & Prasher, D. C. (1994). Green fluorescent
protein as a marker for gene expression. Science, 263(5148), 802–805.
Chen, L., DeVries, A. L., & Cheng, C.-H. C. (1997). Evolution of antifreeze glycoprotein gene
from a trypsinogen gene in Antarctic notothenioid fish. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences, 94(8), 3811–3816.
Chen, T., & Powers, D. (1990). Transgenic fish. Trends in Biotechnology, 8, 209–215.
Cossins, A. R., & Crawford, D. L. (2005). Fish as models for environmental genomics. Nature
Reviews Genetics, 6(4), 324.
Crollius, H. R., & Weissenbach, J. (2005). Fish genomics and biology. Genome Research, 15(12),
1675–1682.
76
3 Fish Genetics