production. In particular, macroalgae and microalgae can be the alternative sources
of biofuels (ethanol, ethane, methane, and other chemical products). Under stable
conditions, energy production efficiency is reportedly around ten times higher as
compared to land plants. Furthermore, microalgae can be harvested throughout the
year and are well suited to automation due to their ease of farming and harvesting.
Today, microalgae are drawing global attention as a final means of producing
next-generation biofuels. In addition to this, the important key issues are also
discussed for the bioenergy production in industrial scale.
Finally, in Chaps. 10 and 11, a comprehensive account on bioactive marine
materials has been explained which can be of potential application to treat various
human sufferings. In this chapter, bibliographic studies, collection, and surface
morphology of marine organism (seaweed, fish, plankton, microorganisms, etc.) are
presented well. Detail explanation has been given on isolation techniques for natural
product isolation from the marine organisms including analytical techniques (NMR,
mass spectra, UV, etc.), chromatographic techniques, separation and fractionation as
well as purification techniques. Marine flora and fauna possess outstanding capabilities in producing high-molecular-weight substances and enzymes. Additionally,
some species are used as potential producers of enzymes such as deoxyribonuclease,
lipase, alginate lyase, protease, agarase, cellulase, and esterase. Numerous bioactive
substances have been already derived from marine microorganisms, including those
with antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant,
and enzyme inhibitors. Even though, mass production of source materials is an issue
to that need to be addressed suitably; nevertheless, the beneficial activities from
marine microorganisms are enormous.
Nutritional properties of fish, shellfish, algae, and marine microorganisms are
generally well known. However, their functional characteristics have not been fully
revealed. It is believed that they contain biologically active compounds, including
potential nutraceuticals. For example, marine macroorganisms produce a vast array
of secondary metabolites including terpenes, steroids, polyketides, peptides, alkaloids, porphyrins, and polysaccharides. These secondary metabolites serve as several pharmaceutical usages (antitumor, anti-inflammation, anti-allergy, antioxidant,
antifungal, anti-HIV, and antihypertensive). However, the development of a new
drug requires sufficient amounts of pure compounds that exceed by large quantities,
but it is extremely difficult to collect them in higher amounts from a marine
resource. Moreover, with the respect to investigation and development of marine
bioactive substances for industry applications, many studies have been conducted to
develop marine biotechnologies, such as membrane bioreactor, bioconversion, and
continuous mass producing process technology. The biotransformation technology
consisting of membrane bioreactor-assisted bioconversion and continuous mass
production made significant contributions to the commercial development of marine
nutraceutical and biomedical substance. Even though several biotechnological
method improvements have been achieved for the production of commercial
materials using marine bioresources, maintaining the raw materials of marine
bioresources is a serious warning for marine biotechnology industries. Several
difficulties are still existing for the production of larger quantity of marine biomass.
viii
Preface
of biofuels (ethanol, ethane, methane, and other chemical products). Under stable
conditions, energy production efficiency is reportedly around ten times higher as
compared to land plants. Furthermore, microalgae can be harvested throughout the
year and are well suited to automation due to their ease of farming and harvesting.
Today, microalgae are drawing global attention as a final means of producing
next-generation biofuels. In addition to this, the important key issues are also
discussed for the bioenergy production in industrial scale.
Finally, in Chaps. 10 and 11, a comprehensive account on bioactive marine
materials has been explained which can be of potential application to treat various
human sufferings. In this chapter, bibliographic studies, collection, and surface
morphology of marine organism (seaweed, fish, plankton, microorganisms, etc.) are
presented well. Detail explanation has been given on isolation techniques for natural
product isolation from the marine organisms including analytical techniques (NMR,
mass spectra, UV, etc.), chromatographic techniques, separation and fractionation as
well as purification techniques. Marine flora and fauna possess outstanding capabilities in producing high-molecular-weight substances and enzymes. Additionally,
some species are used as potential producers of enzymes such as deoxyribonuclease,
lipase, alginate lyase, protease, agarase, cellulase, and esterase. Numerous bioactive
substances have been already derived from marine microorganisms, including those
with antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant,
and enzyme inhibitors. Even though, mass production of source materials is an issue
to that need to be addressed suitably; nevertheless, the beneficial activities from
marine microorganisms are enormous.
Nutritional properties of fish, shellfish, algae, and marine microorganisms are
generally well known. However, their functional characteristics have not been fully
revealed. It is believed that they contain biologically active compounds, including
potential nutraceuticals. For example, marine macroorganisms produce a vast array
of secondary metabolites including terpenes, steroids, polyketides, peptides, alkaloids, porphyrins, and polysaccharides. These secondary metabolites serve as several pharmaceutical usages (antitumor, anti-inflammation, anti-allergy, antioxidant,
antifungal, anti-HIV, and antihypertensive). However, the development of a new
drug requires sufficient amounts of pure compounds that exceed by large quantities,
but it is extremely difficult to collect them in higher amounts from a marine
resource. Moreover, with the respect to investigation and development of marine
bioactive substances for industry applications, many studies have been conducted to
develop marine biotechnologies, such as membrane bioreactor, bioconversion, and
continuous mass producing process technology. The biotransformation technology
consisting of membrane bioreactor-assisted bioconversion and continuous mass
production made significant contributions to the commercial development of marine
nutraceutical and biomedical substance. Even though several biotechnological
method improvements have been achieved for the production of commercial
materials using marine bioresources, maintaining the raw materials of marine
bioresources is a serious warning for marine biotechnology industries. Several
difficulties are still existing for the production of larger quantity of marine biomass.
viii
Preface