Thus far, we have seen how genes introduced into the genome are transmitted to
future generations. It is also possible to observe the expression of those genes.
To achieve significant improvement in a rainbow trout’s respiratory capabilities, one first
(a) removes a-globin from a carp’s red blood cells. (b) The entire DNA of rainbow trout fry
incubated in the recipient egg is subjected to analysis. (c) The carp gene is introduced into
the rainbow trout genome at a high rate of probability. (d) The historic creation of a new
species: a transgenic rainbow trout with carp genes.
The following section will discuss some of the genes that will need to be
introduced into fish for breeding purposes.
① Physiologically active peptide genes: Various hormones, hypothalamus
substances to promote or suppress their secretion, genes for polymer
factors directly controlling hormone activities.
② Metabolic enzyme genes: Includes genes for Q-enzyme (enzyme for
shifting part of the a-1,4 glycan chain to the C6 position), which converts from the Embden-Meyerhof to the Warburg-Dickens pathway and
from the progestin production pathway to the corticoid production
pathway and metabolic system.
③ Genes controlling innate behaviors: Includes genes for migration, elasticity, flavor, and spawning.
④ Asynaptic genes: Eggs are formed through division of ordinary somatic
cells, and clones of parents are produced through gynogenesis.
⑤ Other: Genes for controlling virus or germ proliferation and conferring
disease tolerance.
For gene introduction to become part of the mainstream of future breeding,
however, an abundant store of knowledge will be needed on various genetic traits
and the genes that govern them. In the field of fish, such basic research is still very
scant, and future development is anticipated for this field (Oshiro 1990).
4.5 Chapter Summary and Conclusion
The oceans are growing in importance as a source of high-level protein resources
and a storehouse of food for future humankind. Recently, however, severe difficulties are predicted for these supplies due to deteriorating international fishing
conditions and environmental pollution, including coastal contamination and
reclamation. Limits have already become apparent in the ability of current catches to satisfy marine product demand. This environment of unlimited competition coincides with full-scale globalization and openness in farming and marine
products with the recent launch of the World Trade Organization (WTO) system.
As a result, it has become crucially important to explore needs in terms of
establishing international marine industry competitiveness and promoting
national welfare, to strategically development technology to contribute to
addressing national food issues, and to devise a strategy for marine industry
exports through advancement into the global market. Adapting to this worldwide
4.4 Gene Manipulation
105
future generations. It is also possible to observe the expression of those genes.
To achieve significant improvement in a rainbow trout’s respiratory capabilities, one first
(a) removes a-globin from a carp’s red blood cells. (b) The entire DNA of rainbow trout fry
incubated in the recipient egg is subjected to analysis. (c) The carp gene is introduced into
the rainbow trout genome at a high rate of probability. (d) The historic creation of a new
species: a transgenic rainbow trout with carp genes.
The following section will discuss some of the genes that will need to be
introduced into fish for breeding purposes.
① Physiologically active peptide genes: Various hormones, hypothalamus
substances to promote or suppress their secretion, genes for polymer
factors directly controlling hormone activities.
② Metabolic enzyme genes: Includes genes for Q-enzyme (enzyme for
shifting part of the a-1,4 glycan chain to the C6 position), which converts from the Embden-Meyerhof to the Warburg-Dickens pathway and
from the progestin production pathway to the corticoid production
pathway and metabolic system.
③ Genes controlling innate behaviors: Includes genes for migration, elasticity, flavor, and spawning.
④ Asynaptic genes: Eggs are formed through division of ordinary somatic
cells, and clones of parents are produced through gynogenesis.
⑤ Other: Genes for controlling virus or germ proliferation and conferring
disease tolerance.
For gene introduction to become part of the mainstream of future breeding,
however, an abundant store of knowledge will be needed on various genetic traits
and the genes that govern them. In the field of fish, such basic research is still very
scant, and future development is anticipated for this field (Oshiro 1990).
4.5 Chapter Summary and Conclusion
The oceans are growing in importance as a source of high-level protein resources
and a storehouse of food for future humankind. Recently, however, severe difficulties are predicted for these supplies due to deteriorating international fishing
conditions and environmental pollution, including coastal contamination and
reclamation. Limits have already become apparent in the ability of current catches to satisfy marine product demand. This environment of unlimited competition coincides with full-scale globalization and openness in farming and marine
products with the recent launch of the World Trade Organization (WTO) system.
As a result, it has become crucially important to explore needs in terms of
establishing international marine industry competitiveness and promoting
national welfare, to strategically development technology to contribute to
addressing national food issues, and to devise a strategy for marine industry
exports through advancement into the global market. Adapting to this worldwide
4.4 Gene Manipulation
105