46 Organic compounds in soils, sediments & sludges
momomer, α-methylstyrene , 3-methyl, 4 dimethyl styrene, α-3-dimethylstyrene,
3-ethyl Styrene, α-4-dimethylstyrene, 3,5-dimethylstyrene, α-2- or 2,5- or 2,4dimethylstyrene, as well as various phenyl ethers.
2.8.6 Further compounds
Wells and Hess et al [288] have reviewed the separation, clean-up and recovery of
persistent organic contaminants from soils. Industrial hygiene gas detector tubes have
been employed to detect severe contamination by organic volatiles in soil [289].
Di Domenico et al [290] have described an analytical procedure for the multianalyte/multilaboratory assessment of pollutants in complex soils.
Tognotti et al [291] studied the adsorption-desorption of contaminants on single
soil particles using an electrodynamic thermogravimetric analyser.
Shulton and Gorge et al [292] used laser Raman spectroscopy to provide detailed
information on the location, elemental composition and chemical speciation or organic
compounds in soil.
Ling et al [293] have described a method for the simultaneous analysis of organic
pollutants in soils by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These include organochlorine pesticides, phthalate esters and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons. Soils were ultrasonically extracted with a mixture of acetone-petroleum
ether (1:1, v/v). Two equal portions of combined extracts were fractionated with
difference polarity solvents via Florisil and silica gel chromatography, to determine
phthate esters organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons respectively. Reliable recoveries were obtained, which were 92–121% for organochlorine
pesticides, 68–141% for phthalate esters, and 75–120% for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The limits of detection were 0.0001–017 ng g
−1 for organochlorine perthades,
0.0001–0.22 µg g
−1 for phthalate esters and 0.002–0.042 µg g
−1 for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In order to check the method, soils collected from the Beijing
region were analysed. The average concentrations were 39 ng g
−1 for organochlorine
pesticides 1–2 µg g
−1 for phthalate esters and 0.24–2.12 µg g
−1 for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban and rural areas, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry was used to confirm that analysed compounds by gas chromatography.
2.9 MIXTURES OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN SOIL
2.9.1 Gas chromatography
Gambrell et al [294] investigated the recovery of DDT, Kepone and Permethrin added
to soil suspensions incubated under controlled redox potential and pH conditions.
DDT, Kepone and Permethrin were added to soil and incubated under controlled
pH and redox potential conditions to determine the effect with time on the levels of
the insecticides and their degradation products. Samples were analysed using gas chromatography. pH and redox potential affected the persistence of pesticides to different
degrees. The recovery of DDT was affected by redox potential but not by pH. The
stability of Kepone was not affected by pH or redox potential but Permethrin stability
was affected by both.
momomer, α-methylstyrene , 3-methyl, 4 dimethyl styrene, α-3-dimethylstyrene,
3-ethyl Styrene, α-4-dimethylstyrene, 3,5-dimethylstyrene, α-2- or 2,5- or 2,4dimethylstyrene, as well as various phenyl ethers.
2.8.6 Further compounds
Wells and Hess et al [288] have reviewed the separation, clean-up and recovery of
persistent organic contaminants from soils. Industrial hygiene gas detector tubes have
been employed to detect severe contamination by organic volatiles in soil [289].
Di Domenico et al [290] have described an analytical procedure for the multianalyte/multilaboratory assessment of pollutants in complex soils.
Tognotti et al [291] studied the adsorption-desorption of contaminants on single
soil particles using an electrodynamic thermogravimetric analyser.
Shulton and Gorge et al [292] used laser Raman spectroscopy to provide detailed
information on the location, elemental composition and chemical speciation or organic
compounds in soil.
Ling et al [293] have described a method for the simultaneous analysis of organic
pollutants in soils by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These include organochlorine pesticides, phthalate esters and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons. Soils were ultrasonically extracted with a mixture of acetone-petroleum
ether (1:1, v/v). Two equal portions of combined extracts were fractionated with
difference polarity solvents via Florisil and silica gel chromatography, to determine
phthate esters organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons respectively. Reliable recoveries were obtained, which were 92–121% for organochlorine
pesticides, 68–141% for phthalate esters, and 75–120% for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The limits of detection were 0.0001–017 ng g
−1 for organochlorine perthades,
0.0001–0.22 µg g
−1 for phthalate esters and 0.002–0.042 µg g
−1 for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In order to check the method, soils collected from the Beijing
region were analysed. The average concentrations were 39 ng g
−1 for organochlorine
pesticides 1–2 µg g
−1 for phthalate esters and 0.24–2.12 µg g
−1 for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban and rural areas, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry was used to confirm that analysed compounds by gas chromatography.
2.9 MIXTURES OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN SOIL
2.9.1 Gas chromatography
Gambrell et al [294] investigated the recovery of DDT, Kepone and Permethrin added
to soil suspensions incubated under controlled redox potential and pH conditions.
DDT, Kepone and Permethrin were added to soil and incubated under controlled
pH and redox potential conditions to determine the effect with time on the levels of
the insecticides and their degradation products. Samples were analysed using gas chromatography. pH and redox potential affected the persistence of pesticides to different
degrees. The recovery of DDT was affected by redox potential but not by pH. The
stability of Kepone was not affected by pH or redox potential but Permethrin stability
was affected by both.