Organic compounds in soils 33
Schuetz et al [177] has developed an enzyme immunoassay method for the determination of all polychlorobiphenyls up to biphenyl in soils before determination by
ELISA.
Pullen et al [178] have described a polychlorobiphenyl immunochemical test kit
for soil analysis and showed that results corresponded well with those obtained from
gas chromatographic electron capture detection.
Alcock et al [179] demonstrated the contamination of soil samples in laboratory air
with polychlorobiphenyls. The calculated average net dry deposition from laboratory
air to soil was calculated at 5 ng total polychlorobiphenyls/m
2 /day.
Hellman et al [148] studied the adsorption and desorption of polychlorobiphenyls
and hexachlorobenzene from clays in contact with water. Appreciable adsorption of
these compounds onto clays occurred.
Methods based on photoactivated luminescence and room-temperature phosphorescence [164] have been used to determine polychlorobiphenyls in soil.
Kerwin et al [165] determined methyl bromide soil fumigant by cyrotrapping and
electron capture gas chromatography. Down to 0.23 pM of methyl bromide could be
detected by this procedure. Kerwin et al [165] found levels of methyl bromide in the
stratosphere and claimed that this contributed to ozone destruction.
2.4 NITROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS
2.4.1 Aromatic amines
Supercritical fluid chromatography has been used to determine aromatic amines in
soul [180–184].
Talsky et al [185] has used higher order derivative spectrophotometry to determine
aniline in soil.
2.4.2 Nitro compounds
Grant et al [186] found nitramine and nitro-aromatic explosive residues in real field
soil samples. The samples were stable under refrigeration, but the nitroaromatics used
to fortify the samples degraded rapidly, even when the samples were refrigerated.
Therefore fortified soils can lead to significant errors.
A surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [187] method based on an array of sensory polymers attached to fibre optics [188] has been used to determine down to 5 ppb
of 2,4-dinitrotoluene in soil.
Emery et al [189] studied the binding of trinitrotoluene to soil using
2 H magic
angle spinning NMR.
Trinitrotoluene and RDX have been determined in soil using a field-portable
continuous-flow immunosensor. Results agreed with those obtained by high performance liquid chromatography [190, 191].
Emmich et al [192] carried out a study of the presence of calcium hydroxide on the
efficiency of nitroaromatic compounds from soils. In this study two highly contaminated soils were treated under alkaline conditions using calcium hydroxide as base.
However, instead of the expected decrease, a temporary or even permanent increase
Schuetz et al [177] has developed an enzyme immunoassay method for the determination of all polychlorobiphenyls up to biphenyl in soils before determination by
ELISA.
Pullen et al [178] have described a polychlorobiphenyl immunochemical test kit
for soil analysis and showed that results corresponded well with those obtained from
gas chromatographic electron capture detection.
Alcock et al [179] demonstrated the contamination of soil samples in laboratory air
with polychlorobiphenyls. The calculated average net dry deposition from laboratory
air to soil was calculated at 5 ng total polychlorobiphenyls/m
2 /day.
Hellman et al [148] studied the adsorption and desorption of polychlorobiphenyls
and hexachlorobenzene from clays in contact with water. Appreciable adsorption of
these compounds onto clays occurred.
Methods based on photoactivated luminescence and room-temperature phosphorescence [164] have been used to determine polychlorobiphenyls in soil.
Kerwin et al [165] determined methyl bromide soil fumigant by cyrotrapping and
electron capture gas chromatography. Down to 0.23 pM of methyl bromide could be
detected by this procedure. Kerwin et al [165] found levels of methyl bromide in the
stratosphere and claimed that this contributed to ozone destruction.
2.4 NITROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS
2.4.1 Aromatic amines
Supercritical fluid chromatography has been used to determine aromatic amines in
soul [180–184].
Talsky et al [185] has used higher order derivative spectrophotometry to determine
aniline in soil.
2.4.2 Nitro compounds
Grant et al [186] found nitramine and nitro-aromatic explosive residues in real field
soil samples. The samples were stable under refrigeration, but the nitroaromatics used
to fortify the samples degraded rapidly, even when the samples were refrigerated.
Therefore fortified soils can lead to significant errors.
A surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [187] method based on an array of sensory polymers attached to fibre optics [188] has been used to determine down to 5 ppb
of 2,4-dinitrotoluene in soil.
Emery et al [189] studied the binding of trinitrotoluene to soil using
2 H magic
angle spinning NMR.
Trinitrotoluene and RDX have been determined in soil using a field-portable
continuous-flow immunosensor. Results agreed with those obtained by high performance liquid chromatography [190, 191].
Emmich et al [192] carried out a study of the presence of calcium hydroxide on the
efficiency of nitroaromatic compounds from soils. In this study two highly contaminated soils were treated under alkaline conditions using calcium hydroxide as base.
However, instead of the expected decrease, a temporary or even permanent increase