14 Organic compounds in soils, sediments & sludges
Spiking studies conducted with gasoline, No. 1 fuel oil, and No. 5 fuel oil on sand,
loam, and clay show how that component recovery rates for argon supercritical fluid
extraction generally increase with increasing pressure and/or temperature. The highest
recovery rates (and recoveries) were obtained for argon supercritical fluid extraction at
500 atm and 150
◦ C. Under these conditions, the components of the gasoline and No.
1 fuel oil spikes could be recovered in as little as 12 minutes. However, the No. 5 fuel
oil components could not be quantitatively removed from the loam and clay matrixes,
even for extraction tomes as little as 12 minutes.
Spectrofluorimetry
Morel et al [18] compared several methods for the determination of hydrocarbons
in soil and found that molecular spectrofluorimetry in a Shpoliskii matrix was rapid,
accurate and could be automated.
Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy
Progress has been reported in the use of multivariate analysis of infrared spectra of hydrocarbons-contaminated wet soil for real time in-situ underground
measurements [19].
Miscellaneous
Headspace analysis, purge and trap analysis and gas chromatography coupled to mass
spectrometry have all been employed in determination of gasoline hydrocarbons in
soil, yielding detection limits as low as 5 µg/g [20, 21].
Thermoanalysis methods such as pyrolysis-gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry
[GC–MS] and thermogravimetry mass spectrometry have been used to characterise
hydrocarbon sludges from petrochemical plants and polluted soils [22, 23]. In combination with conventional extraction and supercritical fluid extraction followed by
GC-MS, over 100 constituents were identified in samples. White et al [24] also applied
pyrloysis-GC-MS to the determination of hydrocarbons and showed that the analysis
can be complicated by the presence of natural organic matter. White et al [24] inferred
the presence of biogenic compounds in Alaska soil.
Peuron and Daugherty et al [25] have described a method of distinguishing between
liquid and dissolved-phase hydrocarbons and assessing the levels of nonnoqueous
phase liquids in gasoline-polluted soils.
Ostendorf et al [26] have described two different methods of field sampling for
residual gasoline in sandy soil. Both methods gave precise estimates of the vertically
integrated mass of aviation gasoline in a given location.
Robbins et al [27] assessed gasoline contamination of soil using a re-closable
polyethylene bag and a total organic vapour detector.
Karâsek et al [28] determined hydrocarbons in benzene water extracts (pH7) of soil
and in incinerator or fly ash by a variety of techniques, including gas chromatography
Spiking studies conducted with gasoline, No. 1 fuel oil, and No. 5 fuel oil on sand,
loam, and clay show how that component recovery rates for argon supercritical fluid
extraction generally increase with increasing pressure and/or temperature. The highest
recovery rates (and recoveries) were obtained for argon supercritical fluid extraction at
500 atm and 150
◦ C. Under these conditions, the components of the gasoline and No.
1 fuel oil spikes could be recovered in as little as 12 minutes. However, the No. 5 fuel
oil components could not be quantitatively removed from the loam and clay matrixes,
even for extraction tomes as little as 12 minutes.
Spectrofluorimetry
Morel et al [18] compared several methods for the determination of hydrocarbons
in soil and found that molecular spectrofluorimetry in a Shpoliskii matrix was rapid,
accurate and could be automated.
Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy
Progress has been reported in the use of multivariate analysis of infrared spectra of hydrocarbons-contaminated wet soil for real time in-situ underground
measurements [19].
Miscellaneous
Headspace analysis, purge and trap analysis and gas chromatography coupled to mass
spectrometry have all been employed in determination of gasoline hydrocarbons in
soil, yielding detection limits as low as 5 µg/g [20, 21].
Thermoanalysis methods such as pyrolysis-gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry
[GC–MS] and thermogravimetry mass spectrometry have been used to characterise
hydrocarbon sludges from petrochemical plants and polluted soils [22, 23]. In combination with conventional extraction and supercritical fluid extraction followed by
GC-MS, over 100 constituents were identified in samples. White et al [24] also applied
pyrloysis-GC-MS to the determination of hydrocarbons and showed that the analysis
can be complicated by the presence of natural organic matter. White et al [24] inferred
the presence of biogenic compounds in Alaska soil.
Peuron and Daugherty et al [25] have described a method of distinguishing between
liquid and dissolved-phase hydrocarbons and assessing the levels of nonnoqueous
phase liquids in gasoline-polluted soils.
Ostendorf et al [26] have described two different methods of field sampling for
residual gasoline in sandy soil. Both methods gave precise estimates of the vertically
integrated mass of aviation gasoline in a given location.
Robbins et al [27] assessed gasoline contamination of soil using a re-closable
polyethylene bag and a total organic vapour detector.
Karâsek et al [28] determined hydrocarbons in benzene water extracts (pH7) of soil
and in incinerator or fly ash by a variety of techniques, including gas chromatography