Organic compounds in sludges 227
Rudolph and Koppke et al [82] described apparatus for the determination of trace
organo halogen compounds in municipal sewage.
10.3.2 Haloforms
Gas chromatography
The Yorkshire Water Authority has published a method for the determination of
haloforms in sewage sludge [83].
Heckel et al [84] has discussed the determination of absorbable organohalogen
compounds in sewage.
Yong and Rawliszyn et al [85] used a multiple gas chromatograph with a hollow
fibre membrane interface in a solventless method for the determination of traces of
aliphatic chlorocompounds such as trichlorothane in raw sewage sludge. Down to
0.4 µg L
−1 of these compounds could be determined.
De Leer et al [86] described a procedure for the determination of trihaloforms
(chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, bromoform) in secondary and tertiary treated sewages and in chlorinated sewage. The haloforms are
extracted into pentane followed by gas chromatographic separate and quantification
by electron-capture detection. The sensitivity of this procedure was more than adequate
(less than 2 µg L
−1 ) for these types of sample.
10.3.3 Chlorophenols
Gas chromatography
Baird et al [87] utilised gas chromatography in his study of the biodegradability of
chlorinated phenols in sewage sludge.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been used to measure the occurrence
of pentachlorophenol and hexachlorophene in water and sewage [88].
10.3.4 Chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid
Miscellaneous
Chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid has been determined in primary treated sewage works
effluent and river waters [32].
10.3.5 Polychlorobiphenyls
Gaffney et al [89] showed that PCBs were present in certain municipal sewages.
He showed that various chlorobiphenyl isomers are produced during chlorination of
sewage and sewage effluents.
It has been found that in activated sewage works sludge concentration of on pentechlorobiphenyl are practically unaffected by bacterial attack and are partitioned in
an unchanged form between sludge and water [90, 91]. Ion exchange chromatography and gas chromatography have both been used to determine polychlorobiphenyls
in sewage sludge [92].
Rudolph and Koppke et al [82] described apparatus for the determination of trace
organo halogen compounds in municipal sewage.
10.3.2 Haloforms
Gas chromatography
The Yorkshire Water Authority has published a method for the determination of
haloforms in sewage sludge [83].
Heckel et al [84] has discussed the determination of absorbable organohalogen
compounds in sewage.
Yong and Rawliszyn et al [85] used a multiple gas chromatograph with a hollow
fibre membrane interface in a solventless method for the determination of traces of
aliphatic chlorocompounds such as trichlorothane in raw sewage sludge. Down to
0.4 µg L
−1 of these compounds could be determined.
De Leer et al [86] described a procedure for the determination of trihaloforms
(chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, bromoform) in secondary and tertiary treated sewages and in chlorinated sewage. The haloforms are
extracted into pentane followed by gas chromatographic separate and quantification
by electron-capture detection. The sensitivity of this procedure was more than adequate
(less than 2 µg L
−1 ) for these types of sample.
10.3.3 Chlorophenols
Gas chromatography
Baird et al [87] utilised gas chromatography in his study of the biodegradability of
chlorinated phenols in sewage sludge.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been used to measure the occurrence
of pentachlorophenol and hexachlorophene in water and sewage [88].
10.3.4 Chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid
Miscellaneous
Chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid has been determined in primary treated sewage works
effluent and river waters [32].
10.3.5 Polychlorobiphenyls
Gaffney et al [89] showed that PCBs were present in certain municipal sewages.
He showed that various chlorobiphenyl isomers are produced during chlorination of
sewage and sewage effluents.
It has been found that in activated sewage works sludge concentration of on pentechlorobiphenyl are practically unaffected by bacterial attack and are partitioned in
an unchanged form between sludge and water [90, 91]. Ion exchange chromatography and gas chromatography have both been used to determine polychlorobiphenyls
in sewage sludge [92].