134 Organic compounds in soils, sediments & sludges
et al [71] described a rapid sample preparation technique for analysing polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are removed from
the sediment by ultrasonic extraction and isolated by solvent partition and silica gel
column chromatography. The sulphur removal step is combined into the ultrasonic
extraction procedure. Identification of polyaromatic hydrocarbon is carried out by
gas chromatography alone and in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Quantitative
determination is achieved by addition of known amounts of standard compounds using
flame ionisation and multiple ion detectors.
A miniaturised pressurised liquid extraction method has been used for determining PAH in sediments using only .1 ml solvent for a 10 minute extraction [75].
Specchiulli et al [76] have measured the distribution and source of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in surface sediments of some Italian lagoons.
In this study Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis were used
in order to highlight dissimilarities among sampling sites. Concentrations of total
16 PAHs varied significantly among the lagoons as well as within the same basin.
Sediments of Orbetello lagoon showed the highest level of contamination (mean of
98.78 ng g
−1 ), followed by that in Santa Giusta (48.15 ng G
−1 ), Lesina (31.06 ng g
−1 )
and Varano (25.19 ng g
−1 ). These results were linked to the greater industrialisation
and urbanisation of the catchment area of both Orbetello and Santa Giusta compared
with Lesina and Varano. A considerable predominance of 4-rings PAHs was observed
for Lesina (52%), Varano (77%), Orbetello (50%) and Santa Giusta (57%) and Pyrene
was the dominant compound. On the other hand, phenanthrene is the dominant compound of low molecular weight contaminants for all the studied lagoons. A meaningful
pyrolytic contribution to pollution was found in the sediments of Lesina lagoon, dominated by benzo[a]pyrene (7.27 ng g
−1 ) and benz[a]anthracene (4.14 ng g
−1 , due to
intensive traffic. For Varano, an evident petrogenic contamination was observed along
the western area, due probably to accidental oil spillage. All 16 PAHs were found to be
correlated in Orbetello and Santa Giusta lagoons and the compounds present in Sant
Giusta sediments, near the urban centre, were shown to be mainly of pyrolytic origin.
A much more complex situation was observed in Orbetello, where a mixed patters of
pyrolytic and petrogenic inputs was observed.
Reis et al [77] measured levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in samples
taken at two urban sites and two sites near industrial areas of the Tarragona region
(Catalonia Spain), where one of the most important petrochemical complexes in the
south of Europe is located. Gas and particulate phase of air were separately sampled
and analysed. Concentrations of 16 PAHs studied ranged from 4.2 to 22.5 ng m
−3 ,
with predominant levels of PAHs appearing in gas phase (∼90% of total PAHs). In all
samples, the most abundant compounds were phenanthrene, with a contribution to
total PAHs between 32 and 44%, followed by naphthalene, fluorene and fluoranthene
(contribution range: 10–22%). The levels of total PAHs, expressed as benzol[α]pyrene
toxic equivalent factors (BaP TEF ), were lower than 0.06 ng m
−3 .
King et al [78] have studied the behaviour of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
in dissolved colloidal and particulate phases in sedimentary cores. Wong et al [79]
determined polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mangrove sediments. The workers
compared two internal standard surrogate methods and the quality control procedures.
Ke et al [79] determined polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mangrove sediments
whilst King et al [78] studied the behaviour of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in
dissolved colloidal and particulate phases in sedimentary cores.
et al [71] described a rapid sample preparation technique for analysing polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are removed from
the sediment by ultrasonic extraction and isolated by solvent partition and silica gel
column chromatography. The sulphur removal step is combined into the ultrasonic
extraction procedure. Identification of polyaromatic hydrocarbon is carried out by
gas chromatography alone and in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Quantitative
determination is achieved by addition of known amounts of standard compounds using
flame ionisation and multiple ion detectors.
A miniaturised pressurised liquid extraction method has been used for determining PAH in sediments using only .1 ml solvent for a 10 minute extraction [75].
Specchiulli et al [76] have measured the distribution and source of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in surface sediments of some Italian lagoons.
In this study Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis were used
in order to highlight dissimilarities among sampling sites. Concentrations of total
16 PAHs varied significantly among the lagoons as well as within the same basin.
Sediments of Orbetello lagoon showed the highest level of contamination (mean of
98.78 ng g
−1 ), followed by that in Santa Giusta (48.15 ng G
−1 ), Lesina (31.06 ng g
−1 )
and Varano (25.19 ng g
−1 ). These results were linked to the greater industrialisation
and urbanisation of the catchment area of both Orbetello and Santa Giusta compared
with Lesina and Varano. A considerable predominance of 4-rings PAHs was observed
for Lesina (52%), Varano (77%), Orbetello (50%) and Santa Giusta (57%) and Pyrene
was the dominant compound. On the other hand, phenanthrene is the dominant compound of low molecular weight contaminants for all the studied lagoons. A meaningful
pyrolytic contribution to pollution was found in the sediments of Lesina lagoon, dominated by benzo[a]pyrene (7.27 ng g
−1 ) and benz[a]anthracene (4.14 ng g
−1 , due to
intensive traffic. For Varano, an evident petrogenic contamination was observed along
the western area, due probably to accidental oil spillage. All 16 PAHs were found to be
correlated in Orbetello and Santa Giusta lagoons and the compounds present in Sant
Giusta sediments, near the urban centre, were shown to be mainly of pyrolytic origin.
A much more complex situation was observed in Orbetello, where a mixed patters of
pyrolytic and petrogenic inputs was observed.
Reis et al [77] measured levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in samples
taken at two urban sites and two sites near industrial areas of the Tarragona region
(Catalonia Spain), where one of the most important petrochemical complexes in the
south of Europe is located. Gas and particulate phase of air were separately sampled
and analysed. Concentrations of 16 PAHs studied ranged from 4.2 to 22.5 ng m
−3 ,
with predominant levels of PAHs appearing in gas phase (∼90% of total PAHs). In all
samples, the most abundant compounds were phenanthrene, with a contribution to
total PAHs between 32 and 44%, followed by naphthalene, fluorene and fluoranthene
(contribution range: 10–22%). The levels of total PAHs, expressed as benzol[α]pyrene
toxic equivalent factors (BaP TEF ), were lower than 0.06 ng m
−3 .
King et al [78] have studied the behaviour of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
in dissolved colloidal and particulate phases in sedimentary cores. Wong et al [79]
determined polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mangrove sediments. The workers
compared two internal standard surrogate methods and the quality control procedures.
Ke et al [79] determined polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mangrove sediments
whilst King et al [78] studied the behaviour of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in
dissolved colloidal and particulate phases in sedimentary cores.